Colonization of the Americas, ‘Little Ice Age’ climate, and bomb-produced carbon: Their role in defining the Anthropocene
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A recently published analysis by Lewis and Maslin (Lewis SL and Maslin MA (2015) Defining the Anthropocene. Nature 519: 171–180) has identified two new potential horizons for the Holocene−Anthropocene boundary: 1610 (associated with European colonization of the Americas), or 1964 (the peak of the excess radiocarbon signal arising from atom bomb tests). We discuss both of these novel suggestions, and consider that there is insufficient stratigraphic basis for the former, whereas placing the latter at the peak of the signal rather than at its inception does not follow normal stratigraphical practice. Wherever the boundary is eventually placed, it should be optimized to reflect stratigraphical evidence with the least possible ambiguity.
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The ~1610 C.E. CO2 dip of about 10 ppm and synchronous minor δ13C enrichment do not exceed natural Holocene variability.
“A short-lived dip at ~1610 C.E. of about 10 ppm in the CO2 curve, and synchronous minor enrichment in δ 13 C, has been proposed as a marker for the start of the Anthropocene ( 5 ), though these fluctuations do not exceed natural Holocene variability ( 70 ; Fig. 5A).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [70]
In “Events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the ‘Orbis’ hypothesis” (page unavailable), the paper describes the ~1610 CO₂ dip as about 10 ppm and within the range of natural Holocene variability. The retrieved passages do not address synchronous δ¹³C enrichment or whether that fluctuation falls within natural variability. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Ranjan, R. (2023) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2023.103296 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tombrink, G. (2017) · Journal of Mountain Science · doi:10.1007/s11629-016-4154-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Defining the Anthropocene using precise geological evidence
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Turner, S. D., Head, M. J., McCarthy, F. M. G., Kuwae, M., Han, Y., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Wagreich, M., DeLong, K. L., et al. (2026) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-026-00817-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationHistory and Development of the Anthropocene as a Stratigraphic Concept
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPlanetary environing: The return of boundaries as a category in global environmental governance
Sörlin, S. (2025) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196241308865 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Climate Change and the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Technosphere and Its Physical Stratigraphic Record
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Anthropocene as a civil time unit
Stange, U. (2023) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196231204326 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Towards Rethinking Politics, Policy and Polity in the Anthropocene: Context and Threat to Survival
Brauch, H. G. (2025) · The anthropocene: Politik - economics - society - science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71807-6_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Stratigraphic Boundary of the Anthropocene
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Self-citationOBSOLETE: Arguments for a Formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10011-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationArchiwa antropocenu. Mockument przyrodniczy i dekolonizacja natury
Borowski, M. (2019) · Prace Kulturoznawcze · doi:10.19195/0860-6668.22.1-2.7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Anthropocene and Disasters: Near Future, Will It Come
KAHRAMAN, S., & Polat, E. (2023) · Iconarp International J of Architecture and Planning · doi:10.15320/iconarp.2023.256 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Biostratigraphic Signature of the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationChernilo, D. (2021) · Novos Rumos Sociológicos · doi:10.15210/norus.v9i15.21667 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Climate Change and the Anthropocene
Singer, A. J. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429399428-18
Decolonizing the Anthropocene: An Ecocritical Reinterpretation of Visual Culture
Schuenemeyer, K. (2017) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
Kaminski, J. D. (2021) · World Literature Studies · doi:10.31577/wls.2021.13.2.1
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Madrigal, E. C., & Brenes, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Leadership Accountability and Ethics · doi:10.33423/jlae.v18i5.4741
Anthropocene Chemostratigraphy
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.005
Self-citation(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.008
Stratigraphic Signatures of the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.002
Self-citationArguments for a formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., & Waters, C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809665-9.10011-4
Self-citationZalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.009
Self-citation(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-009
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-008
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-007
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-005
The Natural History of Freedom
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-006
“The Infinite Go-Before of the Present”
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-002
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-001
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-004
(2023) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478027843-003
Microbial biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene
King, G. M., & Fenchel, T. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15883-4.00016-5
- Authors
- Members of the Anthropocene Working Group:, Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Gałuszka, A., Gibbard, P. L., Grinevald, J., Hajdas, I., Ivar do Sul, J., Jeandel, C., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, Jr., Poirier, C., Revkin, A., deB Richter, D., Steffen, W., Summerhayes, C., Syvitski, J. P., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Williams, M., & Wolfe, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- British Geological Survey (GB)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Jan Kochanowski University (PL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, Brazil
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Georgetown University (US)
- Pace University (US)
- Duke University, USA
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- ORCID
- Zalasiewicz, Jan
- Waters, Colin N
- Barnosky, Anthony D
- Cearreta, Alejandro
- Edgeworth, Matt
- Ellis, Erle C
- Gałuszka, Agnieszka
- Gibbard, Philip L
- Hajdas, Irka
- Jeandel, Catherine
- Leinfelder, Reinhold
- Poirier, Clément
- Revkin, Andrew
- Steffen, Will
- Summerhayes, Colin
- Syvitski, James PM
- Vidas, Davor
- Wagreich, Michael
- Williams, Mark
- Venue
- The Anthropocene Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-05-29
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 117-127
- ISSN
- 2053-0196 (ISSN-L)
- 2053-020X
- OpenAlex
- W2158273866
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- The Anthropocene Review (publishedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- Anthropocene, European colonization of the Americas, Little Ice Age, carbon-14, stratigraphy, chronology
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