The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Guidelines for Establishing Reliability When Coding Narrative Data
Published version of a preprint
Abstract
The use of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches has been foundational to research on emerging adulthood, yet there remain many unresolved methodological issues pertaining to how to handle qualitative data. The purpose of this article is to review best practices for coding and establishing reliability when working with narrative data. In doing so, we highlight how establishing reliability must be seen as an evolving process, rather than simply a focus on the end product. The review is divided into three broad sections. In the first section, we discuss relatively more quantitatively focused methods of coding and establishing reliability, whereas in the second section we discuss relatively more qualitatively focused methods. In the final section, we provide recommendations for researchers interested in coding narrative and other types of open-ended data. This article is intended to serve as an essential resource for researchers working on a variety of topics related to emerging adulthood and beyond.
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“Chiefly, it allows multiple coders to demonstrate inter-rater reliability, which enhances results’ internal and external validity (Adler et al., 2017; Syed & Nelson, 2015).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Syed, M., & Nelson, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Syed, Moin
- Venue
- Emerging Adulthood
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-05-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 375-387
- ISSN
- 2167-6968 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-6984
- OpenAlex
- W2232317411
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 17.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emerging Adulthood (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Keywords
- narrative data, coding reliability, qualitative data analysis, coding practices, mixed methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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