The methodology of population surveys of headache prevalence, burden and cost: Principles and recommendations from the Global Campaign against Headache
Open accessAbstract
The global burden of headache is very large, but knowledge of it is far from complete and needs still to be gathered. Published population-based studies have used variable methodology, which has influenced findings and made comparisons difficult. Among the initiatives of the Global Campaign against Headache to improve and standardize methods in use for cross-sectional studies, the most important is the production of consensus-based methodological guidelines. This report describes the development of detailed principles and recommendations. For this purpose we brought together an expert consensus group to include experience and competence in headache epidemiology and/or epidemiology in general and drawn from all six WHO world regions. The recommendations presented are for anyone, of whatever background, with interests in designing, performing, understanding or assessing studies that measure or describe the burden of headache in populations. While aimed principally at researchers whose main interests are in the field of headache, they should also be useful, at least in parts, to those who are expert in public health or epidemiology and wish to extend their interest into the field of headache disorders. Most of all, these recommendations seek to encourage collaborations between specialists in headache disorders and epidemiologists. The focus is on migraine, tension-type headache and medication-overuse headache, but they are not intended to be exclusive to these. The burdens arising from secondary headaches are, in the majority of cases, more correctly attributed to the underlying disorders. Nevertheless, the principles outlined here are relevant for epidemiological studies on secondary headaches, provided that adequate definitions can be not only given but also applied in questionnaires or other survey instruments.
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The very neutral screening questions are expected to have led to better ascertainment, and therefore higher headache prevalence estimates, than questions requiring a certain degree or frequency or severity.
“The very neutral screening questions are expected to have led to better ascertainment, and therefore higher headache prevalence estimates, than questions requiring a certain degree or frequency or severity [26].”
From The impact of headache in Europe: principal results of the Eurolight project (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
These prevalence estimates are not outside the range of national studies (in Russia, 10.4% and 7.1% respectively were reported).
“They are not, however, outside the range of national studies (in Russia, 10.4% and 7.1% respectively were reported [10,26]).”
From The impact of headache in Europe: principal results of the Eurolight project (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
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Steiner, T. J., Terwindt, G. M., Katsarava, Z., Pozo-Rosich, P., Gantenbein, A. R., Roche, S. L., Dell’Agnello, G., & Tassorelli, C. (2022) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024221110102 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Nordhaug, L. H., Linde, M., Follestad, T., Skandsen, Ø. N., Bjarkø, V. V., Skandsen, T., & Vik, A. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6328 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Characteristics of Patients Referred To A Specialized Headache Clinic
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Burden, Disability and Public Health Importance of Headache Disorders in India
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Migraine and tension headache comorbidity with hypothyroidism in Egypt
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Migraine attacks in the pharmacy: a survey in Piedmont, Italy
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- Authors
- Stovner, L. J., Al Jumah, M., Birbeck, G. L., Gururaj, G., Jensen, R., Katsarava, Z., Queiroz, L. P., Scher, A. I., Tekle-Haimanot, R., Wang, S.-J., & Steiner, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Stovner, Lars Jacob
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2014-01-27
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-5
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC3907133
- OpenAlex
- W2095816439
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Complementary and Manual Therapy › Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
- Keywords
- headache prevalence, headache burden, population survey, survey methodology, methodological recommendations, migraine, tension-type headache, medication overuse headache, secondary headache, questionnaire design, cross-sectional study
- MeSH terms
- Cooperative Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Headache, Humans, Migraine Disorders, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Global Health, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Headache Disorders
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