CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 89

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Aberrant trafficking of NSCLC-associated EGFR mutants through the endocytic recycling pathway promotes interaction with Src

Chung, Byung Min, Raja, Srikumar M, Clubb, Robert J, Tu, Chun, George, Manju, Band, Vimla, Band, Hamid·2009·BMC Cell Biology
DOI 10.1186/1471-2121-10-84PMC PMC2790444
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls a wide range of cellular processes, and altered EGFR signaling contributes to human cancer. EGFR kinase domain mutants found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are constitutively active, a trait critical for cell transformation through activation of downstream pathways. Endocytic trafficking of EGFR is a major regulatory mechanism as ligand-induced lysosomal degradation results in termination of signaling. While numerous studies have examined mutant EGFR signaling, the endocytic traffic of mutant EGFR within the NSCLC milieu remains less clear. Results: This study shows that mutant EGFRs in NSCLC cell lines are constitutively endocytosed as shown by their colocalization with the early/recycling endosomal marker transferrin and the late endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP1. Notably, mutant EGFRs, but not the wild-type EGFR, show a perinuclear accumulation and colocalization with recycling endosomal markers such as Rab11 and EHD1 upon treatment of cells with endocytic recycling inhibitor monensin, suggesting that mutant EGFRs preferentially traffic through the endocytic recycling compartments. Importantly, monensin treatment enhanced the mutant EGFR association and colocalization with Src, indicating that aberrant transit through the endocytic recycling compartment promotes mutant EGFR-Src association. Conclusion: The findings presented in this study show that mutant EGFRs undergo aberrant traffic into the endocytic recycling compartment which allows mutant EGFRs to engage in a preferential interaction with Src, a critical partner for EGFR-mediated oncogenesis.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2121-10-84

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 69

  1. Herbst RS: Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004, 59 (2 Suppl): 21-26. · DOI
  2. Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX: Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001, 2 (2): 127-137. 10.1038/35052073. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Sordella R, Bell DW, Haber DA, Settleman J: Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti-apoptotic pathways. Science. 2004, 305 (5687): 1163-1167. 10.1126/science.1101637. · DOI
  4. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, Harris PL, Haserlat SM, Supko JG, Haluska FG, Louis DN, Christiani DC, Settleman J, Haber DA: Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350 (21): 2129-2139. 10.1056/NEJMoa040938. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, Herman P, Kaye FJ, Lindeman N, Boggon TJ, Naoki K, Sasaki H, Fujii Y, Eck MJ, Sellers WR, Johnson BE, Meyerson M: EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science. 2004, 304 (5676): 1497-1500. 10.1126/science.1099314. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Chung BM, Dimri M, George M, Reddi AL, Chen G, Band V, Band H: The role of cooperativity with Src in oncogenic transformation mediated by non-small cell lung cancer-associated EGF receptor mutants. Oncogene. 2009, 28 (16): 1821-1832. 10.1038/onc.2009.31. · DOI
  7. Engelman JA, Janne PA, Mermel C, Pearlberg J, Mukohara T, Fleet C, Cichowski K, Johnson BE, Cantley LC: ErbB-3 mediates phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005, 102 (10): 3788-3793. 10.1073/pnas.0409773102. · DOI
  8. Zhang J, Kalyankrishna S, Wislez M, Thilaganathan N, Saigal B, Wei W, Ma L, Wistuba II, Johnson FM, Kurie JM: SRC-family kinases are activated in non-small cell lung cancer and promote the survival of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cell lines. Am J Pathol. 2007, 170 (1): 366-376. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060706. · DOI
  9. Song L, Morris M, Bagui T, Lee FY, Jove R, Haura EB: Dasatinib (BMS-354825) selectively induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling for survival. Cancer Res. 2006, 66 (11): 5542-5548. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4620. · DOI
  10. Fu YN, Yeh CL, Cheng HH, Yang CH, Tsai SF, Huang SF, Chen YR: EGFR mutants found in non-small cell lung cancer show different levels of sensitivity to suppression of Src: implications in targeting therapy. Oncogene. 2008, 27 (7): 957-965. 10.1038/sj.onc.1210684. · DOI
  11. Mosesson Y, Mills GB, Yarden Y: Derailed endocytosis: an emerging feature of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008, 8 (11): 835-850. 10.1038/nrc2521. · DOI
  12. Maxfield FR, McGraw TE: Endocytic recycling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004, 5 (2): 121-132. 10.1038/nrm1315. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Levkowitz G, Waterman H, Zamir E, Kam Z, Oved S, Langdon WY, Beguinot L, Geiger B, Yarden Y: c-Cbl/Sli-1 regulates endocytic sorting and ubiquitination of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Genes Dev. 1998, 12 (23): 3663-3674. 10.1101/gad.12.23.3663. · DOI
  14. Duan L, Miura Y, Dimri M, Majumder B, Dodge IL, Reddi AL, Ghosh A, Fernandes N, Zhou P, Mullane-Robinson K, Rao N, Donoghue S, Rogers RA, Bowtell D, Naramura M, Gu H, Band V, Band H: Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is required for lysosomal sorting of epidermal growth factor receptor but is dispensable for endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (31): 28950-28960. 10.1074/jbc.M304474200. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Katzmann DJ, Odorizzi G, Emr SD: Receptor downregulation and multivesicular-body sorting. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 3 (12): 893-905. 10.1038/nrm973. · DOI · Paper page
  16. Pennock S, Wang Z: A tale of two Cbls: interplay of c-Cbl and Cbl-b in epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation. Mol Cell Biol. 2008, 28 (9): 3020-3037. 10.1128/MCB.01809-07. · DOI · Paper page
  17. Kowanetz K, Crosetto N, Haglund K, Schmidt MH, Heldin CH, Dikic I: Suppressors of T-cell receptor signaling Sts-1 and Sts-2 bind to Cbl and inhibit endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279 (31): 32786-32795. 10.1074/jbc.M403759200. · DOI · Paper page
  18. Lynch DK, Winata SC, Lyons RJ, Hughes WE, Lehrbach GM, Wasinger V, Corthals G, Cordwell S, Daly RJ: A Cortactin-CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) complex provides a novel link between epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (24): 21805-21813. 10.1074/jbc.M211407200. · DOI
  19. Stang E, Blystad FD, Kazazic M, Bertelsen V, Brodahl T, Raiborg C, Stenmark H, Madshus IH: Cbl-dependent ubiquitination is required for progression of EGF receptors into clathrin-coated pits. Mol Biol Cell. 2004, 15 (8): 3591-3604. 10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0041. · DOI
  20. Worby CA, Dixon JE: Sorting out the cellular functions of sorting nexins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 3 (12): 919-931. 10.1038/nrm974. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Alwan HA, van Zoelen EJ, van Leeuwen JE: Ligand-induced lysosomal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation is preceded by proteasome-dependent EGFR de-ubiquitination. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (37): 35781-35790. 10.1074/jbc.M301326200. · DOI
  22. Stern KA, Visser Smit GD, Place TL, Winistorfer S, Piper RC, Lill NL: Epidermal growth factor receptor fate is controlled by Hrs tyrosine phosphorylation sites that regulate Hrs degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007, 27 (3): 888-898. 10.1128/MCB.02356-05. · DOI
  23. Conner SD, Schmid SL: Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature. 2003, 422 (6927): 37-44. 10.1038/nature01451. · DOI
  24. Hendriks BS, Wiley HS, Lauffenburger D: HER2-mediated effects on EGFR endosomal sorting: analysis of biophysical mechanisms. Biophys J. 2003, 85 (4): 2732-2745. 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74696-7. · DOI
  25. Shankaran H, Zhang Y, Opresko L, Resat H: Quantifying the effects of co-expressing EGFR and HER2 on HER activation and trafficking. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008, 371 (2): 220-224. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.043. · DOI
  26. Offterdinger M, Bastiaens PI: Prolonged EGFR signaling by ERBB2-mediated sequestration at the plasma membrane. Traffic. 2008, 9 (1): 147-155. 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00665.x. · DOI
  27. Shtiegman K, Kochupurakkal BS, Zwang Y, Pines G, Starr A, Vexler A, Citri A, Katz M, Lavi S, Ben-Basat Y, Benjamin S, Corso S, Gan J, Yosef RB, Giordano S, Yarden Y: Defective ubiquitinylation of EGFR mutants of lung cancer confers prolonged signaling. Oncogene. 2007, 26 (49): 6968-6978. 10.1038/sj.onc.1210503. · DOI
  28. Padron D, Sato M, Shay JW, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Roth MG: Epidermal growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase domain mutations exhibit reduced Cbl association, poor ubiquitylation, and down-regulation but are efficiently internalized. Cancer Res. 2007, 67 (16): 7695-7702. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0484. · DOI
  29. Sigismund S, Argenzio E, Tosoni D, Cavallaro E, Polo S, Di Fiore PP: Clathrin-mediated internalization is essential for sustained EGFR signaling but dispensable for degradation. Dev Cell. 2008, 15 (2): 209-219. 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.06.012. · DOI
  30. Choi SH, Mendrola JM, Lemmon MA: EGF-independent activation of cell-surface EGF receptors harboring mutations found in gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer. Oncogene. 2007, 26 (11): 1567-1576. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209957. · DOI
  31. Nishimura Y, Bereczky B, Ono M: The EGFR inhibitor gefitinib suppresses ligand-stimulated endocytosis of EGFR via the early/late endocytic pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Histochem Cell Biol. 2007, 127 (5): 541-553. 10.1007/s00418-007-0281-y. · DOI
  32. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Gale CM, Lifshits E, Gonzales AJ, Shimamura T, Zhao F, Vincent PW, Naumov GN, Bradner JE, Althaus IW, Gandhi L, Shapiro GI, Nelson JM, Heymach JV, Meyerson M, Wong KK, Janne PA: PF0029 an irreversible pan-ERBB inhibitor, is effective in lung cancer models with EGFR and ERBB2 mutations that are resistant to gefitinib. Cancer Res. 9804, 67 (24): 11924-11932. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1885. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Wang Y, Pennock S, Chen X, Wang Z: Endosomal signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor stimulates signal transduction pathways leading to cell survival. Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 22 (20): 7279-7290. 10.1128/MCB.22.20.7279-7290.2002. · DOI
  34. Ren M, Xu G, Zeng J, De Lemos-Chiarandini C, Adesnik M, Sabatini DD: Hydrolysis of GTP on rab11 is required for the direct delivery of transferrin from the pericentriolar recycling compartment to the cell surface but not from sorting endosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95 (11): 6187-6192. 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6187. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Yang S, Qu S, Perez-Tores M, Sawai A, Rosen N, Solit DB, Arteaga CL: Association with HSP90 inhibits Cbl-mediated down-regulation of mutant epidermal growth factor receptors. Cancer Res. 2006, 66 (14): 6990-6997. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1042. · DOI
  36. Stein BS, Bensch KG, Sussman HH: Complete inhibition of transferrin recycling by monensin in K562 cells. J Biol Chem. 1984, 259 (23): 14762-14772. · DOI
  37. Tran DD, Russell HR, Sutor SL, van Deursen J, Bram RJ: CAML is required for efficient EGF receptor recycling. Dev Cell. 2003, 5 (2): 245-256. 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00207-7. · DOI · Paper page
  38. Raja SM, Clubb RJ, Bhattacharyya M, Dimri M, Cheng H, Pan W, Ortega-Cava C, Lakku-Reddi A, Naramura M, Band V, Band H: A combination of Trastuzumab and 17-AAG induces enhanced ubiquitinylation and lysosomal pathway-dependent ErbB2 degradation and cytotoxicity in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008, 7 (10): 1630-1640. 10.4161/cbt.7.10.6585. · DOI
  39. Shimamura T, Lowell AM, Engelman JA, Shapiro GI: Epidermal growth factor receptors harboring kinase domain mutations associate with the heat shock protein 90 chaperone and are destabilized following exposure to geldanamycins. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (14): 6401-6408. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0933. · DOI
  40. Wileman T, Boshans RL, Schlesinger P, Stahl P: Monensin inhibits recycling of macrophage mannose-glycoprotein receptors and ligand delivery to lysosomes. Biochem J. 1984, 220 (3): 665-675. · DOI
  41. George M, Ying G, Rainey MA, Solomon A, Parikh PT, Gao Q, Band V, Band H: Shared as well as distinct roles of EHD proteins revealed by biochemical and functional comparisons in mammalian cells and C. elegans. BMC Cell Biol. 2007, 8: 3-10.1186/1471-2121-8-3. · DOI · Paper page
  42. Grant BD, Caplan S: Mechanisms of EHD/RME-1 protein function in endocytic transport. Traffic. 2008, 9 (12): 2043-2052. 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00834.x. · DOI · Paper page
  43. Donepudi M, Resh MD: c-Src trafficking and co-localization with the EGF receptor promotes EGF ligand-independent EGF receptor activation and signaling. Cell Signal. 2008, 20 (7): 1359-1367. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.03.007. · DOI
  44. Kaplan KB, Swedlow JR, Varmus HE, Morgan DO: Association of p60c-src with endosomal membranes in mammalian fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1992, 118 (2): 321-333. 10.1083/jcb.118.2.321. · DOI
  45. Bjorge JD, Jakymiw A, Fujita DJ: Selected glimpses into the activation and function of Src kinase. Oncogene. 2000, 19 (49): 5620-5635. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203923. · DOI
  46. Yang S, Park K, Turkson J, Arteaga CL: Ligand-independent phosphorylation of Y869(Y845) links mutant EGFR signaling to stat-mediated gene expression. Exp Cell Res. 2008, 314 (2): 413-419. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.09.002. · DOI
  47. Citri A, Yarden Y: EGF-ERBB signalling: towards the systems level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006, 7 (7): 505-516. 10.1038/nrm1962. · DOI
  48. Wang Q, Villeneuve G, Wang Z: Control of epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis by receptor dimerization, rather than receptor kinase activation. EMBO Rep. 2005, 6 (10): 942-948. 10.1038/sj.embor.7400491. · DOI
  49. Wang Z, Moran MF: Requirement for the adapter protein GRB2 in EGF receptor endocytosis. Science. 1996, 272 (5270): 1935-1939. 10.1126/science.272.5270.1935. · DOI
  50. Marmor MD, Yarden Y: Role of protein ubiquitylation in regulating endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncogene. 2004, 23 (11): 2057-2070. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207390. · DOI
  51. Furukawa M, Nagatomo I, Kumagai T, Yamadori T, Takahashi R, Yoshimura M, Yoneda T, Takeda Y, Goya S, Matsuoka H, Kijima T, Yoshida M, Osaki T, Tachibana I, Greene MI, Kawase I: Gefitinib-sensitive EGFR lacking residues 746-750 exhibits hypophosphorylation at tyrosine residue 1045, hypoubiquitination, and impaired endocytosis. DNA Cell Biol. 2007, 26 (3): 178-185. 10.1089/dna.2006.0573. · DOI
  52. Nishimura Y, Yoshioka K, Bereczky B, Itoh K: Evidence for efficient phosphorylation of EGFR and rapid endocytosis of phosphorylated EGFR via the early/late endocytic pathway in a gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Mol Cancer. 2008, 7: 42-10.1186/1476-4598-7-42. · DOI
  53. Grovdal LM, Stang E, Sorkin A, Madshus IH: Direct interaction of Cbl with pTyr 1045 of the EGF receptor (EGFR) is required to sort the EGFR to lysosomes for degradation. Exp Cell Res. 2004, 300 (2): 388-395. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.07.003. · DOI
  54. Ravid T, Heidinger JM, Gee P, Khan EM, Goldkorn T: c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is required for epidermal growth factor receptor exit from the early endosomes. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279 (35): 37153-37162. 10.1074/jbc.M403210200. · DOI
  55. Longva KE, Blystad FD, Stang E, Larsen AM, Johannessen LE, Madshus IH: Ubiquitination and proteasomal activity is required for transport of the EGF receptor to inner membranes of multivesicular bodies. J Cell Biol. 2002, 156 (5): 843-854. 10.1083/jcb.200106056. · DOI
  56. Mizuno E, Iura T, Mukai A, Yoshimori T, Kitamura N, Komada M: Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor down-regulation by UBPY-mediated deubiquitination at endosomes. Mol Biol Cell. 2005, 16 (11): 5163-5174. 10.1091/mbc.E05-06-0560. · DOI · Paper page
  57. Aoh QL, Castle AM, Hubbard CH, Katsumata O, Castle JD: SCAMP3 Negatively Regulates EGFR Degradation and Promotes Receptor Recycling. Mol Biol Cell. 2009, 20 (6): 1816-1832. 10.1091/mbc.E08-09-0894. · DOI
  58. Sakai K, Arao T, Shimoyama T, Murofushi K, Sekijima M, Kaji N, Tamura T, Saijo N, Nishio K: Dimerization and the signal transduction pathway of a small in-frame deletion in the epidermal growth factor receptor. FASEB J. 2006, 20 (2): 311-313. · DOI
  59. Tao RH, Maruyama IN: All EGF(ErbB) receptors have preformed homo- and heterodimeric structures in living cells. J Cell Sci. 2008, 121 (Pt 19): 3207-3217. 10.1242/jcs.033399. · DOI
  60. Vieira AV, Lamaze C, Schmid SL: Control of EGF receptor signaling by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Science. 1996, 274 (5295): 2086-2089. 10.1126/science.274.5295.2086. · DOI · Paper page
  61. Pennock S, Wang Z: Stimulation of cell proliferation by endosomal epidermal growth factor receptor as revealed through two distinct phases of signaling. Mol Cell Biol. 2003, 23 (16): 5803-5815. 10.1128/MCB.23.16.5803-5815.2003. · DOI
  62. Yin HS, Yang MF: Effect of monensin on the neuronal ultrastructure and endocytic pathway of macromolecules in cultured brain neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1992, 12 (4): 297-307. 10.1007/BF00734930. · DOI
  63. Sandilands E, Frame MC: Endosomal trafficking of Src tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol. 2008, 18 (7): 322-329. 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.05.004. · DOI
  64. Kwak EL, Sordella R, Bell DW, Godin-Heymann N, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, Harris PL, Driscoll DR, Fidias P, Lynch TJ, Rabindran SK, McGinnis JP, Wissner A, Sharma SV, Isselbacher KJ, Settleman J, Haber DA: Irreversible inhibitors of the EGF receptor may circumvent acquired resistance to gefitinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005, 102 (21): 7665-7670. 10.1073/pnas.0502860102. · DOI
  65. Guo A, Villen J, Kornhauser J, Lee KA, Stokes MP, Rikova K, Possemato A, Nardone J, Innocenti G, Wetzel R, Wang Y, MacNeill J, Mitchell J, Gygi SP, Rush J, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ: Signaling networks assembled by oncogenic EGFR and c-Met. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105 (2): 692-697. 10.1073/pnas.0707270105. · DOI
  66. Powelka AM, Sun J, Li J, Gao M, Shaw LM, Sonnenberg A, Hsu VW: Stimulation-dependent recycling of integrin beta1 regulated by ARF6 and Rab11. Traffic. 2004, 5 (1): 20-36. 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00150.x. · DOI
  67. Band V, Sager R: Distinctive traits of normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells expressed in a medium that supports long-term growth of both cell types. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989, 86 (4): 1249-1253. 10.1073/pnas.86.4.1249. · DOI · Paper page
  68. Druker BJ, Mamon HJ, Roberts TM: Oncogenes, growth factors, and signal transduction. N Engl J Med. 1989, 321 (20): 1383-1391. 10.1056/NEJM198911163212007. · DOI
  69. Dimri M, Naramura M, Duan L, Chen J, Ortega-Cava C, Chen G, Goswami R, Fernandes N, Gao Q, Dimri GP, Band V, Band H: Modeling breast cancer-associated c-Src and EGFR overexpression in human MECs: c-Src and EGFR cooperatively promote aberrant three-dimensional acinar structure and invasive behavior. Cancer Res. 2007, 67 (9): 4164-4172. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2580. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Chung, B. M., Raja, S. M., Clubb, R. J., Tu, C., George, M., Band, V., & Band, H.
Venue
BMC Cell Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-11-30
Volume
10
Issue
1
ISSN
1471-2121
DOI
10.1186/1471-2121-10-84
PMC
PMC2790444
Cited by
89
References
3
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review