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Cited by 114Birth, Development, and HealthEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Evolutionary origins of insulin resistance: a behavioral switch hypothesis

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Watve, Milind G, Yajnik, Chittaranjan S·2007·BMC Evolutionary Biology
DOI 10.1186/1471-2148-7-61PMC PMC1868084
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, which can lead to a number of diseases including type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, is believed to have evolved as an adaptation to periodic starvation. The "thrifty gene" and "thrifty phenotype" hypotheses constitute the dominant paradigm for over four decades. With an increasing understanding of the diverse effects of impairment of the insulin signaling pathway, the existing hypotheses are proving inadequate. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: We propose a hypothesis that insulin resistance is a socio-ecological adaptation that mediates two phenotypic transitions, (i) a transition in reproductive strategy from "r" (large number of offspring with little investment in each) to "K" (smaller number of offspring with more investment in each) and (ii) a transition from "stronger to smarter" or "soldier to diplomat" i.e. from relatively more muscle dependent to brain dependent lifestyle. A common switch could have evolved for the two transitions since the appropriate environmental conditions for the two transitions are highly overlapping and interacting. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: Gestational insulin resistance diverts more energy through the placenta, resulting in increased investment per offspring. On the other hand, insulin resistance is associated with reduced ovulation. The insulin signaling pathway is also related to longevity. Insulin resistance diverts more nutrients to the brain as compared to muscle. Also, hyperinsulinemia has direct positive effects on cognitive functions of the brain. The hypothesis gets support from known patterns in human clinical data and recent research on the molecular interactions in the insulin signaling pathway. Further we state many predictions of the hypothesis that can be tested experimentally or epidemiologically. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: The hypothesis can bring about a significant change in the line of treatment as well as public health policies for the control of metabolic syndrome.

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  • In evolutionary terms, women with a PCOS metabolic phenotype would have increased survival chances during times of environmental or physiological demand for altered energy metabolism, but be more vulnerable to the pathological effects of insulin resistance when exposed to modern lifestyle factors.

    “In evolutionary terms, women with a PCOS metabolic phenotype would have increased survival chances during times of environmental or physiological demand for altered energy metabolism, but be more vulnerable to the pathological effects of IR when exposed to modern lifestyle factors [14,17,159].”

    From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [159]

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  • Insulin resistance may have evolved as a switch in reproductive and metabolic strategies, since development of IR can result in anovulation and reduced fertility, in addition to differential energy repartitioning to specific tissues.

    “It has been proposed that IR may have evolved as a switch in reproductive and metabolic strategies, since the development of IR can result in anovulation and reduced fertility, in addition to differential energy repartitioning to specific tissues [159].”

    From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [159]

  • Being able to vary the sensitivity and physiological action of insulin is thought to have conferred a significant adaptive survival role in many animals throughout evolutionary history.

    “Nevertheless, being able to vary the sensitivity and physiological action of insulin is thought to have conferred a significant adaptive survival role in many animals throughout evolutionary history [146,159].”

    From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [159]

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Authors
Watve, M. G., & Yajnik, C. S.
Affiliations
King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Centre (IN)
Corresponding author
Watve, Milind G
ORCID
Venue
BMC Evolutionary Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2007
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
61
ISSN
1471-2148 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2148-7-61
PMC
PMC1868084
OpenAlex
W2087275359
Cited by
114
References
156
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
FWCI
7.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
insulin resistance, evolutionary origin, thrifty gene hypothesis, thrifty phenotype, ovulation, longevity, hyperinsulinemia, cognitive function, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Biological Evolution, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Phenotype, Reproduction, Selection, Genetic, Weight Gain, Metabolic Syndrome

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