Effects of treating postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and child development: Systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Postnatal depression has detrimental effects on the child's cognitive and emotional development. Aims: To assess the benefits of treating postnatal depression for mother–infant interaction and child development. Method: A systematic search was made of 12 electronic bibliographic databases for randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials on treatment of mothers with postnatal depression, where outcomes were assessed in children; findings were assessed. Results: Only eighttrials met the inclusion criteria. Of those included, interventions varied widely but all involved therapies directed at the mother–infant relationship. One study with intensive and prolonged therapy showed cognitive improvement, whereas two others with briefer interventions improved maternal–infant relationships but did not affect the child's cognitive or behavioural development. All five studies assessing only mother–infant relationships showed improvements. Conclusions: Cognitive development in children of depressed mothers, along with better mother–infant relationships, might be improved with sustained interventions. Trials assessing treatments for postnatal depression would benefit from looking more closely at benefits for children as well as mothers, using validated objective measures.
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Most current postpartum depression treatments focus only on mothers and neglect the mother-infant relationship.
“Nevertheless, most current PPD treatments treat mothers in isolation, concentrating only on maternal outcomes and neglecting the mother-infant relationship (Nylen et al. 2006; Poobalan et al. 2007).”
From Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial (2015) · cites this paper as Poobalan et al. 2007
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Oxytocin in the postnatal period: Associations with attachment and maternal caregiving
Kohlhoff, J. R., Eapen, V., Dadds, M. R., Khan, F., Silove, D. M., & Barnett, B. E. W. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Impairment of Mother-Infant Relationship
Siu, B. W. M., Ip, P., Chow, H. M.-T., Kwok, S. S.-P., Li, O. L., Koo, M. L., Cheung, E. F. C., Yeung, T. M. H., & Hung, S. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181d14154 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Poobalan et al. (2007) have conducted a systematic review on the effects of treating postnatal depression on mother-infant relationship and child development.”
BackgroundTsivos, Z.-L., Calam, R. M., Sanders, M. R., & Wittkowski, A. (2014) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104514531589 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…PND, which assessed maternal mood and mother–infant outcomes and/or child developmental outcomes, it was noted that few studies had assessed child-related outcomes and there were discrepancies in maternal and child outcomes (Poobalan et al., 2007; Tsivos, Calam, Sanders, & Wittkowski, in press).”
ResultPrevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study
Meky, H. K., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed, M. R., & Mohammed, T. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1571572 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Grant, K., Bautovich, A., McMahon, C. A., Reilly, N. M., Leader, L. R., & Austin, M. (2012) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-012-0292-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression alone will not necessarily help the parent–child relationship (Milgrom et al. 2004; Murray et al. 2002; Poobalan et al. 2007), more holistic interventions that provide both symptom relief and also address relationship difficulties are indicated.”
BackgroundHøivik, M. S., Lydersen, S., Drugli, M. B., Onsøien, R., Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0036-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Earlier research on interventions targeting only the depressed parents has shown that such methods might fail to bring about changes in the parent–child relationship or in child development [17,114,115].”
BackgroundFasching, P. A., Faschingbauer, F., Goecke, T. W., Engel, A., Häberle, L., Seifert, A., Voigt, F., Amann, M., Rebhan, D., Burger, P. H. M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mellow Babies: A group intervention for infants and mothers experiencing postnatal depression
Puckering, C., McIntosh, E. B., Hickey, A., & Longford, J. (2010) · Counselling Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpscpr.2010.25.1.28 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Thus this difficulty can potentially impact two generations and represents a significant public health concern (SIGN, 2002; NICE, 2007; Poobalan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialMestechkina, T., Son, N. D., & Shin, J. Y. (2013) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
New Mothers’ Sense of Competence: Predictors and Outcomes
Ponomartchouk, D., & Bouchard, G. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9997-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Causes of women׳s postpartum depression symptoms: Men׳s and women׳s perceptions
Habel, C., Feeley, N., Hayton, B. C., Bell, L., & Zelkowitz, P. (2015) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2015.03.007 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“negatively affect the mother–child relationship (Poobalan et al., 2007; Darcy et al., 2011) and is associated with an increased frequency of cognitive development delays and attachment insecurity (Hipwell et al.”
Hein, A., Rauh, C., Engel, A., Häberle, L., Dammer, U., Voigt, F., Fasching, P. A., Faschingbauer, F., Burger, P. H. M., Beckmann, M. W., et al. (2013) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-013-3046-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Raine, K. H., Nath, S., Howard, L. M., Cockshaw, W. D., Boyce, P. M., Sawyer, E., & Thorpe, K. J. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21825 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Moreover, improved MIRQ and reduction in risk for psychological and developmental disturbances in children is not a direct consequence of effective treatment of maternal depression (Forman et al., 2007; Poobalan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDelivery mode and the course of pre- and postpartum depression
Rauh, C., Beetz, A., Burger, P. H. M., Engel, A., Häberle, L., Fasching, P. A., Kornhuber, J., Beckmann, M. W., Goecke, T. W., & Faschingbauer, F. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2470-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“important, as severe PPD can interfere with mother–infant interactions and may influence the child’s development [19–21].”
BackgroundThe APrON Team, Letourneau, N. L., Leung, B. M. Y., Ntanda, H. N., Dewey, D., Deane, A. J., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1775-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Clinical profile and outcomes of women admitted to a psychiatric mother-baby unit
Christl, B., Reilly, N. M., Yin, C., & Austin, M. (2015) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0492-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Powell-Jackson, T., Pereira, S. K., Dutt, V., Tougher, S., Haldar, K., & Kumar, P. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.034 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Maternal depression is an important public health concern not only because of its high prevalence (Chandran et al., 2002; Patel et al., 2002) and impact on mothers but also because of the implications for the child (Poobalan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAssociations of Psychosocial Factors with Maternal Confidence Among Japanese and Vietnamese Mothers
Goto, A., Nguyen, Q. V., Nguyen, T. T. V., Pham, N. M., Chung, T. M. T., Trinh, H. P., Yabe, J., Sasaki, H., & Yasumura, S. (2009) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9291-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“There is evidence to suggest that mothers’ psychosocial and mental health have significant effects on child growth, nutritional status, and emotional development (Barlow and Coren 2004; Harpham et al. 2005; Patel et al. 2004; Poobalan et al. 2007).”
BackgroundFord, E. M., Roomi, H., Hugh, H., & van Marwijk, H. (2019) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423619000902 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…of untreated mental illnesses, it is important that common perinatal mental health problems be acknowledged early, diagnosed, if needed, as serious issues, preferably in accessible primary care settings and that appropriate support or treatment is initiated without delay (Poobalan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPredictors of postpartum depression among rural women in Minia, Egypt: an epidemiological study
Mohammed, E. S., Mosalem, F. A., Mahfouz, E. M., & Elhameed, M. A. A. (2014) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2014.06.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Zsido, R. G., Villringer, A., & Sacher, J. (2017) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1397607 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…most common medical complication of child-bearing (Sit & Wisner, 2009); and with its extremely adverse effect on maternal–infant bonding and infant development (O’Higgins, Roberts, Glover, & Taylor, 2013; Poobalan et al., 2007; Weikum, Oberlander, Hensch, & Werker, 2012), it is a critical concern.”
BackgroundMascheroni, E., & Ionio, C. (2018) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2018.09.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Working and short-term memories are impaired in postpartum depression.
de Almeida, L. S. P., Jansen, K., Köhler, C., Pinheiro, R., da Silva, R. A., & Bonini, J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.031 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Post-Up Study: Postpartum Depression Screening in Well-Child Care and Maternal Outcomes
den Berg, A. I. V. D. Z.-V., Boere‐Boonekamp, M. M., Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, C. G. M., IJzerman, M. J., Haasnoot‐Smallegange, R. M. E., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0110 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A New Therapeutic Group To Help Women With Borderline Personality Disorder and Their Infants
Williams, A., Yelland, C., Hollamby, S., Wigley, M., & Aylward, P. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000330 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Matare, C. R., Mbuya, M. N. N., Pelto, G. H., Dickin, K. L., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ851 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Depression affects a mother’s ability to appropriately care for her child, her capacity to positively interact with the baby [26], and her ability to seek healthcare resources [27].”
BackgroundMaternal Capabilities Are Associated with Child Caregiving Behaviors Among Women in Rural Zimbabwe
Matare, C. R., Mbuya, M. N. N., Dickin, K. L., Constas, M. A., Pelto, G. H., Chasekwa, B., Humphrey, J. H., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa255 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Depression reduces positive maternalchild interaction (16) and child health care–seeking behavior (17).”
BackgroundQouta, S., Vänskä, M., Diab, S. Y., & Punamäki, R. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101532 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shieh, S., Chen, H., Liu, F., Liou, C., Lin, Y., Tseng, H., & Wang, R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03382.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Salo, S., Flykt, M. S., Mäkelä, J., Biringen, Z. C., Kalland, M., Pajulo, M., & Punamäki, R. (2019) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423619000914 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S. K., & Wei, Y. (2016) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2016.1222357 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Three other systematic reviews (Singleton, 2004; Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2003; Poobalan et al., 2007) produced promising results, but all of them had high levels of heterogeneity, both in terms of the nature of the intervention(s) being tested and in the design of the evaluation(s).”
InfluentialDepression treatment and maternal functioning
Logsdon, M. C., Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., Luther, J. F., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20892 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“[44–46] In addition, the study advances the science in the area of effects of depression treatment upon overall functioning and maternal role functioning.[44]”
BackgroundFamily matters: infants, toddlers and preschoolers of parents affected by mental illness
Kowalenko, N., Mares, S. P., Newman, L. K., Williams, A., Powrie, R. M., & van Doesum, K. T. M. (2013) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.11285 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Adolescent Attachment Insecurity and Parasympathetic Functioning Predict Future Loss Adjustment
Fagundes, C. P., Diamond, L. M., & Allen, K. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212437429 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“One of the foundational tenets in psychology is that individuals’ capacity to cope with stressful life events develops in childhood (Bowlby, 1958, 1988; Finkelstein, Donenberg, & Martinovich, 2001; Johnson & Flake, 2007; Poobalan et al., 2007; Repetti et al., 2002; Simpson & Rholes, 1994).”
Rayce, S. B., Rasmussen, I. S., Væver, M. S., & Pontoppidan, M. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.89 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“40,41,43 Sample sizes of the studies included in this review ranged from 42 to 190 participants, which may have limited the power to detect significant effects.”
Ethical Issues in Perinatal Mental Health
Miller, L. J. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.02.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yelland, C., Girke, T., Tottman, C., & Williams, A. S. (2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856215590251 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Perrone, L., Imrisek, S. D., Dash, A., Rodríguez, M. M. D., Beras-Monticciolo, E., & Bernard, K. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000310 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stamou, G., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0240-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Spieker, S. J., Oxford, M. L., Fleming, C. B., & Lohr, M. J. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21685 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…systematic reviews also have concluded that treating maternal depressive symptoms is not sufficient to improve parenting quality (Kersten-Alvarez, Hosman, RiksenWalraven, Van Doesum, & Hoefnagels 2011) and, in turn, toddler attachment security (Gunlicks & Weissman, 2008; Poobalan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPost-partum depression: a comprehensive approach to evaluation and treatment.
Thompson, K. S., & Fox, J. E. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Childhood sleep: assessments, risk factors, and potential mechanisms
Liu, J., Ji, X., Rovit, E., Pitt, S., & Lipman, T. H. (2022) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-022-00628-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Johnson, A. R., Erayil, S. E., Joachim, N., Mathew, G., Ajay, S., & Joseph, B. (2015) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.312.6702 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The role of formal support in the lives of children of mothers with intellectual disability
Collings, S., Grace, R., & Llewellyn, G. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12361 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…practices (Andresen & Telleen, 1992), in early childhood health and development (Kendrick et al., 2000; Maas, Vreeswijk, & van Bakel, 2013; Poobalan et al., 2007), in health (Cohen, Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000; Holt- Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), and as a buffer to the psychological…”
Background
- Authors
- Poobalan, A. S., Aucott, L. S., Ross, L., Smith, W. C. S., Helms, P. J., & Williams, J. H. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Poobalan, Amudha S.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 378-386
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2026085562
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, mother-infant interaction, child development, child cognitive development, maternal depression treatment, mother-infant relationship, intensive treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Mother-Child Relations, Treatment Outcome, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Depression, Postpartum
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