Cited by 698Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlBird parasitology and diseases

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Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania

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Russell, Tanya L, Govella, Nicodem J, Azizi, Salum, Drakeley, Christopher J, Kachur, S Patrick, Killeen, Gerry F·2011·Malaria Journal

DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-10-80PMC PMC3084176

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) represent the front-line tools for malaria vector control globally, but are optimally effective where the majority of baseline transmission occurs indoors. In the surveyed area of rural southern Tanzania, bed net use steadily increased over the last decade, reducing malaria transmission intensity by 94%. METHODS: Starting before bed nets were introduced (1997), and then after two milestones of net use had been reached-75% community-wide use of untreated nets (2004) and then 47% use of ITNs (2009)-hourly biting rates of malaria vectors from the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group were surveyed. RESULTS: In 1997, An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus mosquitoes exhibited a tendency to bite humans inside houses late at night. For An. gambiae s.l., by 2009, nocturnal activity was less (p = 0.0018). At this time, the sibling species composition of the complex had shifted from predominantly An. gambiae s.s. to predominantly An. arabiensis. For An. funestus, by 2009, nocturnal activity was less (p = 0.0054) as well as the proportion biting indoors (p < 0.0001). At this time, An. funestus s.s. remained the predominant species within this group. As a consequence of these altered feeding patterns, the proportion (mean ± standard error) of human contact with mosquitoes (bites per person per night) occurring indoors dropped from 0.99 ± 0.002 in 1997 to 0.82 ± 0.008 in 2009 for the An. gambiae complex (p = 0.0143) and from 1.00 ± <0.001 to only 0.50 ± 0.048 for the An. funestus complex (p = 0.0004) over the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: High usage of ITNs can dramatically alter African vector populations so that intense, predominantly indoor transmission is replaced by greatly lowered residual transmission, a greater proportion of which occurs outdoors. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, the residual, self-sustaining transmission will respond poorly to further insecticidal measures within houses. Additional vector control tools which target outdoor biting mosquitoes at the adult or immature stages are required to complement ITNs and IRS.

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Authors: Russell, T. L., Govella, N. J., Azizi, S., Drakeley, C. J., Kachur, S. P., & Killeen, G. F.
Affiliations: Ifakara Health Institute (TZ)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Russell, Tanya L
ORCID: Russell, Tanya L
Govella, Nicodem J
Azizi, Salum
Kachur, S Patrick
Venue: Malaria Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-04-09
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 80-80
ISSN: 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-80
PMC: PMC3084176
OpenAlex: W2103610338
Cited by: 698
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 39.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (45114, 51431)
Wellcome Trust (076806)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Keywords: insecticide-treated nets, malaria vector control, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, indoor biting, residual malaria transmission, bed net use, rural Tanzania, indoor residual spraying, malaria transmission intensity
MeSH terms: Animals, Anopheles, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Human Activities, Insect Vectors, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Rural Population, Tanzania, Insecticide-Treated Bednets

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Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania

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