Factors that may impact on immunosenescence: an appraisal
Open accessAbstract
The increasing ratio of ageing population poses new challenges to healthcare systems. The elderly frequently suffer from severe infections. Vaccination could protect them against several infectious diseases, but it can be effective only if cells that are capable of responding are still present in the repertoire. Recent vaccination strategies in the elderly might achieve low effectiveness due to age-related immune impairment. Immunosenescence affects both the innate and adaptive immunity.Beside individual variations of genetic predisposition, epigenetic changes over the full course of human life exert immunomodulating effects. Disturbances in macrophage-derived cytokine release and reduction of the natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity lead to increased frequency of infections. Ageing dampens the ability of B cells to produce antibodies against novel antigens. Exhausted memory B lymphocyte subsets replace naïve cells. Decline of cell-mediated immunity is the consequence of multiple changes, including thymic atrophy, reduced output of new T lymphocytes, accumulation of anergic memory cells, and deficiencies in cytokines production. Persistent viral and parasitic infections contribute to the loss of immunosurveillance and premature exhaustion of T cells. Reduced telomerase activity and Toll-like receptor expression can be improved by chemotherapy. Reversion of thymic atrophy could be achieved by thymus transplantation, depletion of accumulated dysfunctional naive T cells and herpesvirus-specific exhausted memory cells. Administration of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-10, keratinocyte growth factor, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, as well as leptin and growth hormone boost thymopoiesis. In animals, several strategies have been explored to produce superior vaccines. Among them, virosomal vaccines containing polypeptide antigens or DNA plasmids as well as new adjuvanted vaccine formulations elicit higher dendritic cell activity and more effective serologic than conventional vaccines responses in the elderly. Hopefully, at least some of these approaches can be translated to human medicine in a not too far future.
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The main barrier to better clarity remains the wide heterogeneity among human beings, linked to different life-style and genetic factors that influence the rate of immunosenescence.
“The main barrier to better clarity remains the wide heterogeneity among human beings, linked to different life-style and genetic factors that influence the rate of immunosenescence (6, 10, 11, 82).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people?
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Frailty and sarcopenia: The potential role of an aged immune system
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Hallmarks of human “immunosenescence”: adaptation or dysregulation?
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- Authors
- Ongrádi, J., & Kövesdi, V.
- Affiliations
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Ongrádi, Joseph
- Venue
- Immunity & Ageing
- Published
- 2010-06-14
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1742-4933 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2895578
- OpenAlex
- W2040699631
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity & Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Università di Pisa
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, aging, older adults, epigenetic modifications, NK cell cytotoxicity, memory B cells, thymic atrophy, T cell exhaustion, telomerase, Toll-like receptors, thymus transplantation, thymopoiesis, interleukins, virosomal vaccine, adjuvanted vaccine, dendritic cells, infections in the elderly
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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