Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism-effects of medication
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BACKGROUND: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show a marked temporal variability in their display of symptoms and neuropsychological performance. This could be explained in terms of an impaired glial supply of energy to support neuronal activity. METHOD: We pursued one test of the idea with measures of a neurotrophin reflecting glial integrity (S100B) and the influences of 8 cytokines on the metabolism of amino-acids, and of tryptophan/kynurenine to neuroprotective or potentially toxic products that could modulate glial function. Serum samples from 21 medication-naïve children with ADHD, 21 typically-developing controls, 14 medicated children with ADHD and 7 healthy siblings were analysed in this preliminary exploration of group differences and associations. RESULTS: There were no marked group differences in levels of S100B, no major imbalance in the ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory interleukins nor in the metabolism of kynurenine to toxic metabolites in ADHD. However, four trends are described that may be worthy of closer examination in a more extensive study. First, S100B levels tended to be lower in ADHD children that did not show oppositional/conduct problems. Second, in medicated children raised interleukin levels showed a trend to normalisation. Third, while across all children the sensitivity to allergy reflected increased levels of IL-16 and IL-10, the latter showed a significant inverse relationship to measures of S100B in the ADHD group. Fourthly, against expectations healthy controls tended to show higher levels of toxic 3-hydroxykynurenine (3 HK) than those with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, there were no clear signs (S100B) that the glial functions were compromised in ADHD. However, other markers of glial function require examination. Nonetheless there is preliminary evidence that a minor imbalance of the immunological system was improved on medication. Finally, if lower levels of the potentially toxic 3 HK in ADHD children were confirmed this could reflect a reduction of normal pruning processes in the brain that would be consistent with delayed maturation (supported here by associations with amino-acid metabolism) and a reduced metabolic source of energy.
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Existing studies have shown elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and impaired antioxidant function in individuals with ADHD, yet their specificity and sensitivity remain insufficient.
“Existing studies have shown elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and impaired antioxidant function in individuals with ADHD [209], yet their specificity and sensitivity remain insufficient.”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [209]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports marginal increases in six of eight measured interleukins in children with ADHD, but says the effects may be insignificant; it also says pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios did not distinguish ADHD cases from controls. The paper does not report impaired antioxidant function or assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these measures (searched: antioxidant, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity). (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Oades, R. D., Dauvermann, M. R., Schimmelmann, B. G., Schwarz, M. J., & Myint, A.-M.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Oades, Robert D
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Functions
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29
- ISSN
- 1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2889842
- OpenAlex
- W2160451654
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- UCB Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, glial function, S100B, cytokines, kynurenine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, 3-hydroxykynurenine, interleukin-16, IL-10, ADHD medication, neuroinflammation, amino acid metabolism, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amino Acids, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Kynurenine, Male, Nerve Growth Factors, S100 Proteins, Neuroglia, Pilot Projects, Tryptophan, Cytokines, S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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