Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety symptoms in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) may be related to the patient awareness of the diagnosis and prognosis, to side effects induced by interferon (IFN)-alpha treatment, as well as to substance abuse. However, the observation of metabolic alterations in patients with CHC has led to hypothesize a direct effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on brain function. This study was aimed at elucidating whether CHC is associated with specific anxiety or mood disorders independently of confounding factors. METHODS: Patient cohort: consecutive patients, 135 with CHC and 76 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). EXCLUSION CRITERIA: previous treatment with IFN-alpha, co-infection with HCV and hepatitis B virus, infection with human immunodeficiency virus, drug or alcohol abuse, or malignancies. CONTROLS: subjects without evidence of hepatitis randomly extracted from the database of a previous epidemiological study; they were divided into two groups of 540 (332 males) and 304 (220 males) as controls for patients with CHC and CHB, respectively. The psychiatric diagnosis was formulated by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Simplified carried out by a physician according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: A higher lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was observed among CHC compared to CHB or controls. The risk of MDD was not statistically different between CHB and controls. Both the CHC and CHB groups showed a significantly higher frequency of panic disorder when compared to controls. No statistical differences were observed in the prevalence of general anxiety disorder and social phobia when CHC or CHB were compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The present study provides the first evidence of an association between CHC and MDD, diagnosed on the basis of well-defined international criteria. This association is independent of treatment with IFN-alpha and is not influenced by substance or alcohol abuse. By contrast, anxiety disorders do not appear to be specifically associated with CHC.
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Associations between hepatitis C virus and generalized anxiety disorder or social phobia were not significant.
“Associations between HCV and generalized ANX disorder or social phobia were not significant.[17]”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder was 8.9% for patients with hepatitis C virus compared with 7.9% for hepatitis B virus and 2.8% for healthy controls.
“Similarly, the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder was 8.9% for patients with HCV compared with 7.9% for HBV and 2.8% for healthy controls.”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The prevalence of depression in patients with hepatitis B virus has been examined, though limited data on rates of anxiety are available.
“The prevalence of DEP in patients with HBV has been examined, [12,17,23,28,31,32] though limited data on rates of ANX are available.[17,28]”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Carta and colleagues showed the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder, assessed through structured clinical interview, was 32.6% for hepatitis C virus, 15.5% for hepatitis B virus, and 12.8% for healthy controls.
“Carta and colleagues showed the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), assessed through structured clinical interview, was 32.6% for HCV, 15.5% for HBV, and 12.8% for healthy controls.”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Comparative investigations commonly show that the prevalence of depression in patients with hepatitis B virus is lower than that in patients with hepatitis C virus, a finding that extends to both self-report-diagnosed and clinician-diagnosed depression.
“Comparative investigations commonly show that the prevalence of DEP in patients with HBV is lower than that in patients with HCV, [12,17,32] a finding that extends to both self-report-diagnosed and clinician-diagnosed DEP.”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Depression and anxiety symptoms often occur at a higher rate in patients with hepatitis C virus compared to patients with hepatitis B virus or healthy controls.
“and they often occur at a higher rate compared to patients with HBV or healthy controls.[17][18][19]”
From Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Carta, M. G., Hardoy, M., Garofalo, A., Pisano, E., Nonnoi, V., Intilla, G., Serra, G., Balestrieri, C., Chessa, L., Cauli, C., Lai, M., & Farci, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Carta, Mauro G
- Venue
- Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22
- ISSN
- 1745-0179 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2203967
- OpenAlex
- W1971866567
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- chronic hepatitis C, major depressive disorder, hepatitis B, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, interferon-alpha, hepatitis C virus, psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorders
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