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Cited by 6Liver Disease and TransplantationMental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology

Open access
Doyle, Todd, Schmidt, Benjamin, Scaglione, Steve·2023·Clinical Liver Disease
DOI 10.1097/cld.0000000000000068PMC PMC10550025
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Abstract

Health care providers who care for patients with liver disease (LD) often come to learn that psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression (DEP) and anxiety (ANX) symptoms, are prevalent within this population. Over the past 10–15 years, a growing body of literature has provided evidence to support the association between LD and the presence of DEP and/or ANX.1–5 These findings are often embedded within a heterogeneous mix of studies examining the association(s) between LD and health-related quality of life, predictors of increased morbidity and mortality among these patients, or clinical outcomes measured as part of liver transplant.1–5 The prevalence rates of DEP and ANX reported by many investigations also widely vary due to differences in the screening instruments and diagnostic thresholds used to define clinically relevant affective symptoms. For example, the prevalence of DEP symptoms in patients diagnosed with chronic LD was 63% in studies using self-report inventories, with far lower rates (4.5%) observed in studies using diagnostic clinical interviews.2 This brief review aims to summarize the prevalence of both DEP and ANX symptoms in patients with LD, paying particular attention to screening measures and diagnostic thresholds used across studies. In addition, prevalence rates seem to vary across different etiology and histologic staging of LD. ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) DEP and ANX symptoms are highly prevalent in patients with alcohol use disorders,4 and there is evidence to support an association between these comorbidities (Table 1). Rogal and colleagues reported the prevalence of ICD-9 DEP diagnoses to be 22% in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) before liver transplant. Further, pretransplant DEP was also associated with post-transplant survival rates, length of hospitalization, and discharge to an outside facility.8 In a prospective cohort study of 51 patients with ALD waitlisted for transplant,6 the prevalence of self-report DEP and ANX symptoms was reported as 37.3% and 43.1%, respectively. TABLE 1 - DEP and ANX in patients with ALD References, country Study design ALD patient (N) Comparison group (N) Assessment and cut-score Prevalence DEP Prevalence ANX Annema et al6Netherlands Prospective cohort 51 — STAI, ≥ 12 CES-D, ≥16 37.3 43.1 DiMartini et al7US Prospective longitudinal 167 — DSM-IV Diagnoses 20 13 Rogal et al8 US Retrospect-analysis 46 ALD w/DEP 162 ALD w/o DEP ICD-9 diagnoses 22% vs. 19% — Santos et al9Brazil Prospective <80a — BAI, ≥ 8 — 29% with mild, moderate, or severe ANX Note: Italicized = Studies that reported the prevalence of ANX, either in combination with- or independent of the prevalence of DEP.aThis study did not provide the N of patients with ALD, but instead indicated HCV to be the modal etiology of LD with N = 80 patients.Abbreviations: BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; ICD-9, International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. As part of a prospective longitudinal study, DiMartini and colleagues reported the lifetime prevalence of clinical DEP and ANX, per DSM-IV criterion, to be 20% and 13%, respectively, among 167 patients with ALD before liver transplant. The authors also showed that the lifetime prevalence of clinical DEP was the strongest predictor of survival, conferring a 2-time higher risk of mortality among patients with ALD.7 In one of the only studies to exclusively examine self-reported ANX among patients with ALD awaiting transplant, Santos and colleagues reported the prevalence of ANX symptoms to be 29%. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. It is well established that DEP is associated with aspects of metabolic syndrome (eg, obesity).10 Similarly, a growing body of research supports the association between NAFLD and increased DEP, though far fewer studies report on the prevalence of ANX among patients with NAFLD1 (Table 2). TABLE 2 - DEP and ANX in patients with NAFLD References, country Study design NAFLD patient (N) Comparison group (N) Assessment and cut-score Prevalence DEP Prevalence ANX Jung et al11 Korea Cross-sectional 112,797 — CES-D ≥ 16 11.1% (FLI—normal) — — — — — 8.9% (FLI—mild) — — — — — 9.7% (FLI—Mod/severe) — Weinstein et al12 US Cross-sectional 184 190 HBV504 HCV Self-Report+ MR Confirm 27.2% NAFLD3.7% HBV29.8% HCV — Xiao et al13 Singapore Meta-analysis 2,041,752 — Various 18.2% pooled estimate — Youssef et al14US Cross-sectional 567 — HADS-D (1–7, ≥ 8) HADS-A (1–7, ≥8) 14% (clinical ≥8) 53% (Subclinical 1–7) 25% (clinical ≥8) 45% (subclinical 1–7) Note: Italicized = Studies that examined both depression and anxiety symptoms.Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MR, medical

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Cites

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    The lifetime prevalence of clinical depression was the strongest predictor of survival, conferring a 2-time higher risk of mortality among patients with alcohol-associated liver disease.

    “The authors also showed that the lifetime prevalence of clinical DEP was the strongest predictor of survival, conferring a 2-time higher risk of mortality among patients with ALD.[7]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] 7. DiMartini A, Dew MA, Chaiffetz D, Fitzgerald MG, deVera ME, Fontes P. Early trajectories of depressive symptoms after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease predicts long-term survival. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1287-95. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    In a prospective cohort study of 51 patients with alcohol-associated liver disease waitlisted for transplant, the prevalence of self-report depression symptoms was 37.3%.

    “In a prospective cohort study of 51 patients with ALD waitlisted for transplant, [6] the prevalence of self-report DEP and ANX symptoms was reported as 37.3% and 43.1%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] 6. Annema C, Roodbol PF, Van den Heuvel ER, Metselaar HJ, Van Hoek B, Porte RJ, et al. Trajectories of anxiety and depression in liver transplant candidates during the wait-list period. Br J Health Psychol. 2017;22:481-501. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in patients with alcohol use disorders.

    “DEP and ANX symptoms are highly prevalent in patients with alcohol use disorders, [4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Compton W, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:807-16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    In a large population-based study of 567 patients with NAFLD, 45% reported subclinical anxiety symptoms.

    “Similar findings were also shown for ANX, as 25% of patients with NAFLD reported moderate/severe symptoms, while 45% reported subclinical ANX symptoms.[14]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. Youssef NA, Abdelmalek MF, Binks M, Guy CD, Omenetti A, Smith AD, et al. Associations of depression, anxiety and antidepressants with histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2013;33:1062-70. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Rogal and colleagues reported the prevalence of ICD-9 depression diagnoses to be 22% in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease before liver transplant.

    “Rogal and colleagues reported the prevalence of ICD-9 DEP diagnoses to be 22% in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) before liver transplant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Rogal SS, Mankaney G, Udawatta V, Chinman M, Good CB, Zickmund S, et al. Pre-Transplant depression is associated with length of hospitalization, discharge disposition, and survival after liver transplant. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0165517. source

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  • May combine two claims. 17
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 3

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A growing body of research supports the association between NAFLD and increased depression, though far fewer studies report on the prevalence of anxiety among patients with NAFLD.

    “Similarly, a growing body of research supports the association between NAFLD and increased DEP, though far fewer studies report on the prevalence of ANX among patients with NAFLD [1] (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Shea S, Lionis C, Kite C, Atkinson L, Chaggar SS, Randeva HS, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and potential links to depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. Biomedicines. 2021;9:1697. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology

    In patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease, the prevalence of depression symptoms was 63% in studies using self-report inventories and 4.5% in studies using diagnostic clinical interviews.

    “For example, the prevalence of DEP symptoms in patients diagnosed with chronic LD was 63% in studies using selfreport inventories, with far lower rates (4.5%) observed in studies using diagnostic clinical interviews.[2]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] 2. Peng JK, Hepgul N, Higginson IJ, Gao W. Symptom prevalence and quality of life of patients with end-stage liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Palliative Medicine. 2019; 33:24-36. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients with NAFLD were shown to have a significantly higher prevalence of depression compared with those with hepatitis B (3.7%) but not hepatitis C (29.8%).

    “Further, patients with NAFLD were shown to have a significantly higher prevalence of DEP compared with those with hepatitis B (HBV; 3.7%) but not hepatitis C (29.8%).[12]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Weinstein AA, Kallman Price J, Stepanova M, Poms LW, Fang Y, Moon J, et al. Depression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Psychoso- matics. 2011;52:127-32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Depression and anxiety symptoms are prevalent in patients with liver disease.

    “DEP and ANX are prevalent in patients with LD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms by liver disease etiology

    Prevalence rates seem to vary across different etiology and histologic staging of liver disease.

    “In addition, prevalence rates seem to vary across different etiology and histologic staging of LD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Depression is associated with aspects of metabolic syndrome (eg, obesity).

    “It is well established that DEP is associated with aspects of metabolic syndrome (eg, obesity).[10]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] 10. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, Sienaert P, Probst M, Buys R, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of prevalence estimates and predic- tors. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:763-3. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pretransplant depression was associated with post-transplant survival rates, length of hospitalization, and discharge to an outside facility.

    “Further, pretransplant DEP was also associated with post-transplant survival rates, length of hospitalization, and discharge to an outside facility.[8]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Rogal SS, Mankaney G, Udawatta V, Chinman M, Good CB, Zickmund S, et al. Pre-Transplant depression is associated with length of hospitalization, discharge disposition, and survival after liver transplant. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0165517. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The prevalence of depression in patients with hepatitis B virus has been examined, though limited data on rates of anxiety are available.

    “The prevalence of DEP in patients with HBV has been examined, [12,17,23,28,31,32] though limited data on rates of ANX are available.[17,28]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Weinstein AA, Kallman Price J, Stepanova M, Poms LW, Fang Y, Moon J, et al. Depression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Psychoso- matics. 2011;52:127-32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] 17. Carta MG, Hardoy M, Garofalo A, Pisano E, Nonnoi V, Intilla G, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:22. source

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    • cites [23] 23. Huang X, Zhang H, Qu C, Liu Y, Bian C, Xu Y. Depression and insomnia are closely associated with thyroid hormon level in chronic hepatitis B. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:2672-8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] 28. Yilmaz A, Ucmak F, Dönmezdil S, Kaya MC, Tekin R, Günes M, et al. Somatosensory Amplification, anxiety, and depression in patients with Hepatitis B: Impact on functionality. Medicine. 2016; 95:1-6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] 31. Atesci FC, Cetin BC, Oguzhanoglu NK, Karadag F, Turgut H. Psychiatric disorders and functioning in hepatitis B virus carriers. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:142-7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] 32. Alian S, Masoudzadeh A, Khoddad T, Dadashian A, Ali Mohammadpour R. Depression in hepatitis B and C, and its correlation with hepatitis drugs consumption. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2013;7:24-9.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two population-based studies in the United States and Germany reported the prevalence of depression as 29.7% and 25.9%, respectively, though neither survey investigation measured anxiety.

    “Two population-based studies in the United States [18] and Germany [20] reported the prevalence of DEP as 29.7% and 25.9%, respectively, though neither survey investigation measured ANX.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Boscarino JA, Lu M, Moorman AC, Gordon SC, Rupp LB, Spradling PR, et al. Predictors of poor mental and physical health status among patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS). Hepatology. 2015;61: 802-11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] 20. Erim Y, Tagay S, Beckmann M, Bein S, Cicinnati V, Beckebaum S, et al. Depression and protective factors of mental health in people with hepatitis C: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47:342-9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Comparative investigations commonly show that the prevalence of depression in patients with hepatitis B virus is lower than that in patients with hepatitis C virus, a finding that extends to both self-report-diagnosed and clinician-diagnosed depression.

    “Comparative investigations commonly show that the prevalence of DEP in patients with HBV is lower than that in patients with HCV, [12,17,32] a finding that extends to both self-report-diagnosed and clinician-diagnosed DEP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Weinstein AA, Kallman Price J, Stepanova M, Poms LW, Fang Y, Moon J, et al. Depression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Psychoso- matics. 2011;52:127-32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] 17. Carta MG, Hardoy M, Garofalo A, Pisano E, Nonnoi V, Intilla G, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] 32. Alian S, Masoudzadeh A, Khoddad T, Dadashian A, Ali Mohammadpour R. Depression in hepatitis B and C, and its correlation with hepatitis drugs consumption. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2013;7:24-9.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Yilmaz and colleagues showed that 60% of patients with hepatitis B virus endorsed depression compared with 47.2% of patients with inactive hepatitis B virus and 25% of healthy controls.

    “Yilmaz and colleagues showed that 60% of patients with HBV patients endorsed DEP compared with 47.2% of patients with inactive HBV and 25% of healthy controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] 28. Yilmaz A, Ucmak F, Dönmezdil S, Kaya MC, Tekin R, Günes M, et al. Somatosensory Amplification, anxiety, and depression in patients with Hepatitis B: Impact on functionality. Medicine. 2016; 95:1-6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    48.7% of patients with hepatitis B virus endorsed anxiety, followed by 33.5% and 20.7% of those with inactive hepatitis B virus or healthy controls.

    “Similarly, 48.7% of patients with HBV endorsed ANX, followed by 33.5% and 20.7% of those with inactive HBV or healthy controls.[28]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] 28. Yilmaz A, Ucmak F, Dönmezdil S, Kaya MC, Tekin R, Günes M, et al. Somatosensory Amplification, anxiety, and depression in patients with Hepatitis B: Impact on functionality. Medicine. 2016; 95:1-6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schaefer and colleagues reported the prevalence of depression during interferon treatment to be 30%-70% based on 10 studies, though prevalence rates varied by type of screening instrument.

    “Schaefer and colleagues reported the prevalence of DEP during INF treatment to be 30%-70% based on 10 studies, though prevalence rates varied by type of screening instrument.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Schaefer M, Capuron L, Friebe A, Diez-Quevedo C, Robaeys G, Neri S, et al. Hepatitis C infection, antiviral treatment and mental health: A European expert consensus statement. Journal of Hepatology. 2012;57:1379-90. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carta and colleagues showed the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder, assessed through structured clinical interview, was 32.6% for hepatitis C virus, 15.5% for hepatitis B virus, and 12.8% for healthy controls.

    “Carta and colleagues showed the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), assessed through structured clinical interview, was 32.6% for HCV, 15.5% for HBV, and 12.8% for healthy controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Carta MG, Hardoy M, Garofalo A, Pisano E, Nonnoi V, Intilla G, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anxiety-based themes included concerns about risk of early mortality, reduced quality of life, worsening physical health, the need for further medical testing and/or transplant, and missed opportunities to celebrate developmental and lifetime achievements of their children.

    “Further, ANXbased themes included the following concerns: risk of early mortality, reduced quality of life, worsening physical health, the need for further medical testing and/or transplant, and missed opportunities to celebrate developmental and lifetime achievements of their children.[29]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] 29. Ranieri V, Kennedy E, Walmsley M, Thorburn D, McKay K. The primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) Wellbeing study: Under- standing psychological distress in those living with PSC and those who support them. PLoS One. 2020;15:1-17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    10.8% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis met criteria for major depressive disorder and 4.2% presented with severe anxiety, which were respectively 5 and 4 times greater than rates in the general population (1.9% MDD and 1.1% anxiety).

    “Further, 10.8% of patients with AIH met criteria for MDD and 4.2% presented with severe ANX, which were respectively, 5 and 4 times greater than rates in the general population (ie, 1.9% MDD and 1.1% ANX).[27]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] 27. Schramm C, Wahl I, Weiler-Normann C, Voigt K, Wiegard C, Glaubke C, et al. Health-related quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2014;60: 618-24. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is a growing body of evidence that both depression and anxiety can negatively impact patient-centered outcomes in patients with liver disease.

    “particularly since there is a growing body of evidence that both comorbidities can negatively impact patient-centered outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Choi and colleagues reported that the prevalence of both state- and trait-anxiety increased in patients with more severe NAFLD, but only among women.

    “Regarding ANX, Choi and colleagues reported that the prevalence of both state-and trait-ANX (ie, here state-ANX is defined as ANX one feels in the moment while trait-ANX is ANX one generally feels overall) increased in patients with more severe NAFLD, but only among women.[15]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Choi JM, Chung GE, Kang SJ, Kwak M-S, Yang JI, Park B, et al. Association between anxiety and depression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;7:585618. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anxiety was a frequent theme described by patients and often emerged at the time of primary sclerosing cholangitis diagnosis.

    “ANX was a frequent theme described by patients and often emerged at the time of PSC diagnosis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] 29. Ranieri V, Kennedy E, Walmsley M, Thorburn D, McKay K. The primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) Wellbeing study: Under- standing psychological distress in those living with PSC and those who support them. PLoS One. 2020;15:1-17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder was 8.9% for patients with hepatitis C virus compared with 7.9% for hepatitis B virus and 2.8% for healthy controls.

    “Similarly, the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder was 8.9% for patients with HCV compared with 7.9% for HBV and 2.8% for healthy controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Carta MG, Hardoy M, Garofalo A, Pisano E, Nonnoi V, Intilla G, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

20 of 20

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome.

    “NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Depression and anxiety are more common among individuals with liver disease and cirrhosis compared to the general population.

    “Depression and anxiety are more common among individuals with liver disease and cirrhosis compared to the general population.1,6”

    From Management of depression/anxiety in patients with chronic liver disease (2024) · cites this paper as [6]

    The introduction says depression and anxiety symptoms are prevalent in people with liver disease, and the 'Other etiologies of LD' section reports higher rates of both in some liver-disease groups than in healthy controls or the general population. The cited paper does not establish that both symptoms are more common in cirrhosis specifically, or across liver disease as a whole, than in the general population. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • HBV depression prevalence differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text gives a lifetime major depressive disorder prevalence of 15.5% for patients with HBV, while the table gives 15.1% for the same group.

1 of 1

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Alian, 2013, Depression in hepatitis B and C, and its correlation with hepatitis drugs consumption, Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 7, 24

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Authors
Doyle, T., Schmidt, B., & Scaglione, S.
Affiliations
  • Loyola University Medical Center (US)
  • Saint Louis University (US)
  • Department of Hepatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
ORCID
Schmidt, Benjamin
Venue
Clinical Liver Disease
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2023-07-11
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
89-94
ISSN
2046-2484 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/cld.0000000000000068
PMC
PMC10550025
OpenAlex
W4383894939
Cited by
6
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1
FWCI
0.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Clinical Liver Disease (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
depression, anxiety, liver disease, liver disease etiology, alcoholic liver disease, chronic liver disease, liver transplantation, psychiatric comorbidity, prevalence, screening tool, diagnostic thresholds, histologic staging, alcoholism, post-transplant outcomes, quality of life, liver transplant waitlist

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