Assessing and reporting heterogeneity in treatment effects in clinical trials: a proposal
Open accessAbstract
Mounting evidence suggests that there is frequently considerable variation in the risk of the outcome of interest in clinical trial populations. These differences in risk will often cause clinically important heterogeneity in treatment effects (HTE) across the trial population, such that the balance between treatment risks and benefits may differ substantially between large identifiable patient subgroups; the "average" benefit observed in the summary result may even be non-representative of the treatment effect for a typical patient in the trial. Conventional subgroup analyses, which examine whether specific patient characteristics modify the effects of treatment, are usually unable to detect even large variations in treatment benefit (and harm) across risk groups because they do not account for the fact that patients have multiple characteristics simultaneously that affect the likelihood of treatment benefit. Based upon recent evidence on optimal statistical approaches to assessing HTE, we propose a framework that prioritizes the analysis and reporting of multivariate risk-based HTE and suggests that other subgroup analyses should be explicitly labeled either as primary subgroup analyses (well-motivated by prior evidence and intended to produce clinically actionable results) or secondary (exploratory) subgroup analyses (performed to inform future research). A standardized and transparent approach to HTE assessment and reporting could substantially improve clinical trial utility and interpretability.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
RCTs provide estimates of the between-subject treatment response (the average difference between the two groups).
“RCTs provide estimates of the between-subject treatment response (the average difference between the two groups) but does not provide sufficient data on how a specific individual responds to a given treatment i.e. due to heterogeneity in treatment effects [21].”
RCTs do not provide sufficient data on how a specific individual responds to a given treatment due to heterogeneity in treatment effects.
“RCTs provide estimates of the between-subject treatment response (the average difference between the two groups) but does not provide sufficient data on how a specific individual responds to a given treatment i.e. due to heterogeneity in treatment effects [21].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 · Cited by 10,505 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a combined comorbidity index
Charlson, M., Szatrowski, T. P., Peterson, J., & Gold, J. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90129-5 · Cited by 6,587 · see citing works
Gage, B. F., Waterman, A. D., Shannon, W., Boechler, M., Rich, M. W., & Radford, M. J. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2864 · Cited by 4,832 · see citing works
The TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina/Non–ST Elevation MI
Antman, E. M., Cohen, M. C., Bernink, P. J. L. M., McCabe, C. H., Horacek, T., Papuchis, G., Mautner, B., Corbalán, R., Radley, D. R., & Braunwald, E. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.7.835 · Cited by 3,221 · see citing works
Adjusting for multiple testing—when and how?
Bender, R., & Lange, S. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00314-0 · Cited by 3,060 · see citing works
Yusuf, S., Zucker, D. M., Passamani, E. R., Peduzzi, P. N., Takaro, T., Fisher, L. D., Kennedy, J. W., Davis, K. B., Killip, T., Norris, R. M., et al. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91963-1 · Cited by 2,129 · see citing works
Cannon, C. P., Weintraub, W. S., Demopoulos, L. A., Vicari, R. M., Frey, M. J., Lakkis, N. M., Neumann, F., Robertson, D. H., DeLucca, P. T., DiBattiste, P. M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200106213442501 · Cited by 2,093 · see citing works
Statistics in Medicine — Reporting of Subgroup Analyses in Clinical Trials
Wang, R., Lagakos, S. W., Ware, J. H., Hunter, D. J., & Drazen, J. M. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr077003 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials
Assmann, S. F., Pocock, S. J., Enos, L. E., & Kasten, L. E. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02039-0 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Pocock, S. J., Assmann, S. E., Enos, L. E., & Kasten, L. E. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1296 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Yusuf, S. (1991) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470010097038 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Subgroup analysis in randomised controlled trials: importance, indications, and interpretation
Rothwell, P. M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17709-5 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes
Mehta, S. R., Granger, C. B., Boden, W. E., Steg, P. G., Bassand, J.-P., Faxon, D. P., Afzal, R., Chrolavicius, S., Jolly, S. S., Widimsky, P., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807986 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses
Oxman, A. D., & Guyatt, G. H. (1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-78 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) for Adults with Severe Sepsis and a Low Risk of Death
Abraham, E. H., Laterre, P., Garg, R., Levy, H. A., Talwar, D., Trzaskoma, B. L., François, B., Guy, J. S., Brückmann, M., Réa-Neto, Á., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050935 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Routine vs Selective Invasive Strategies in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Mehta, S. R., Cannon, C. P., Fox, K. A. A., Wallentin, L. C., Boden, W. E., Spacek, R., Widimský, P., McCullough, P. A., Hunt, D. U., D, E. B. M., et al. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.23.2908 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses
Sun, X., Briel, M., Walter, S. D., & Guyatt, G. H. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c117 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Telmisartan to Prevent Recurrent Stroke and Cardiovascular Events
Yusuf, S., Diener, H.-C., Sacco, R. L., Cotton, D., Ôunpuu, S., Lawton, W. A., Palesch, Y., Martin, R. H., Albers, G. W., Bath, P., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804593 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: risks of subgroup-specific analyses;
Brookes, S. T., Whitely, E., Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Mulheran, P. A., & Peters, T. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Gage, B. F., van Walraven, C., Pearce, L., Hart, R. G., Koudstaal, P. J., Boode, B. S. P., & Petersen, P. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000145172.55640.93 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Problems in the “Evidence” of “Evidence-Based Medicine”
Feinstein, A. R., & Horwitz, R. I. (1997) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00244-1 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Evidence‐Based Medicine, Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects, and the Trouble with Averages
Kravitz, R. L., Duan, N., & Braslow, J. T. (2004) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00327.x · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Brookes, S. T., Whitley, E., Peters, T. J., Mulheran, P. A., Egger, M., & Davey Smith, G. (2001) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta5330 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Limitations of Applying Summary Results of Clinical Trials to Individual Patients
Kent, D. M., & Hayward, R. A. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.10.1209 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2019) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2019.1579573 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of benefit from carotid endar terectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study
Rothwell, P. M., & Warlow, C. P. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11415-0 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationAn evidence based approach to individualising treatment
Glasziou, P., & Irwig, L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7016.1356 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Furukawa, T. A., Guyatt, G. H., & Griffith, L. E. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.72 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Can overall results of clinical trials be applied to all patients?
Rothwell, P. M. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90120-5 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationModerators of Treatment Outcomes: Clinical, Research, and Policy Importance
Kraemer, H. C., Frank, E., & Kupfer, D. J. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.10.1286 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
From subgroups to individuals: general principles and the example of carotid endarterectomy
Rothwell, P. M., Mehta, Z., Howard, S. C., Gutnikov, S. A., & Warlow, C. P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17746-0 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of Claims of Improved Prediction Beyond the Framingham Risk Score
Tzoulaki, I. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1757 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Development of a Contemporary Bleeding Risk Model for Elderly Warfarin Recipients
Shireman, T. I., Mahnken, J. D., Howard, P. A., Kresowik, T. F., Hou, Q., & Ellerbeck, E. F. (2006) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.130.5.1390 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial
Nallamothu, B. K., Hayward, R. A., & Bates, E. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.703579 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationGurwitz, J. H., Gore, J. M., Goldberg, R. J., Barron, H. V., Breen, T., Rundle, A. C., Sloan, M. A., French, W., & Rogers, W. J. (1998) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-8-199810150-00002 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Practical Guidelines for Multiplicity Adjustment in Clinical Trials
Proschan, M. A., & Waclawiw, M. A. (2000) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00106-9 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Morrow, D. A. (2002) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2738 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
From subgroups to individuals: general principles and the example of carotid endarterectomy
Rothwell, P. M., Mehta, Z., Howard, S. P., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70156-2 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationHayward, R. A., Kent, D. M., Vijan, S. S., & Hofer, T. P. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-18 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenfield, S., Billimek, J., Pellegrini, F., Franciosi, M., Berardis, G. D., Nicolucci, A., & Kaplan, S. H. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-12-200912150-00005 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Kent, D. M., Jafar, T. H., Hayward, R. A., Tighiouart, H., Landa, M., de Jong, P., de Zeeuw, D., Remuzzi, G., Kamper, A.-L., & Levey, A. S. (2007) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2006101081 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationThune, J. J., Hoefsten, D. E., Lindholm, M. G., Mortensen, L. S., Andersen, H., Nielsen, T. T., Køber, L., & Kelbæk, H. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.558676 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Subgroup analyses in therapeutic cardiovascular clinical trials: Are most of them misleading?
Hernández, A. V., Boersma, E., Murray, G. D., Habbema, J. D. F., & Steyerberg, E. W. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.020 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Yusuf, S. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.266.1.93 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Heterogeneity Is Not Always Noise
Davidoff, F. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1845 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Dealing with heterogeneity of treatment effects: is the literature up to the challenge?
Gabler, N. B., Duan, N., Liao, D., Elmore, J. G., Ganiats, T. G., & Kravitz, R. L. (2009) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-43 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The impact of high-risk patients on the results of clinical trials
Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Lau, J. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00149-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneity of Treatment Effects: Implications for Guidelines, Payment, and Quality Assessment
Greenfield, S., Kravitz, R. L., Duan, N., & Kaplan, S. H. (2007) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.02.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Assessment of prognosis with the total illness burden index for prostate cancer
Litwin, M. S., Greenfield, S., Elkin, E. P., Lubeck, D. P., Broering, J. M., & Kaplan, S. H. (2007) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22615 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Tannock, I. F. (1996) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/88.3-4.206 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reporting Clinical Trial Results To Inform Providers, Payers, And Consumers
Hayward, R. A., Kent, D. M., Vijan, S. S., & Hofer, T. P. (2005) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.6.1571 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence based medicine: concerns of a clinical neurologist
Caplan, L. R. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.5.569 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Selection of thrombolytic therapy for individual patients: Development of a clinical model
Califf, R. M., Woodlief, L. H., Harrell, F. E., Lee, K. L., White, H. D., Guerci, A. D., Barbash, G. I., Simes, R. J., Weaver, W. D., Simoons, M. L., et al. (1997) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(97)70164-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
What Makes a Good Predictor?: The Evidence Applied to Coronary Artery Calcium Score
Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Tzoulaki, I. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.503 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationFeiveson, A. H. (2002) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0200200201 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
loannidis, J. P. A., & Lau, J. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009590 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Kent, D. M., Hayward, R. A., Griffith, J. L., Vijan, S. S., Beshansky, J. R., Califf, R. M., & Selker, H. P. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01160-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSubgroups, treatment effects, and baseline risks: Some lessons from major cardiovascular trials
Parker, A. B., & Naylor, C. D. (2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.106610 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Black, D. A. K. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A Framework for Tailoring Clinical Guidelines to Comorbidity at the Point of Care
Braithwaite, R. S., Concato, J., Chang, C., Roberts, M. S., & Justice, A. C. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.21.2361 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Kent, D. M., Ruthazer, R., & Selker, H. P. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000051506.43212.8b · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationCompeting risk and heterogeneity of treatment effect in clinical trials
Kent, D. M., Alsheikh-Ali, A. A. A., & Hayward, R. A. (2008) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-9-30 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictive modeling and heterogeneity of baseline risk in meta-analysis of individual patient data
Trikalinos, T. A., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00311-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationCd, F., & Rp, B. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vijan, S. S., Kent, D. M., & Hayward, R. A. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationKent, D. M., Ruthazer, R., Griffith, J. L., Beshansky, J. R., Grines, C. L., Aversano, T. R., Concannon, T. W., Zalenski, R. J., & Selker, H. P. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.12.068 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMore on Subgroup Analyses in Clinical Trials
Pocock, S., & Lubsen, J. C. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc0800616 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A Multivariate Test of Interaction for Use in Clinical Trials
Follmann, D. A., & Proschan, M. A. (1999) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.01151.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Optimal Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Hillis, L. D., & Lange, R. A. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme0902632 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Assessing Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Clinical Trials with Blocked Binary Outcomes
Albert, J. M., Gadbury, G. L., & Mascha, E. J. (2005) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.200510157 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The ‘number need to treat’: does it help clinical decision making?
Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (1999) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000919 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kent, D. M., Ruthazer, R., Griffith, J. L., Beshansky, J. R., Concannon, T. W., Aversano, T. R., Grines, C. L., Zalenski, R. J., & Selker, H. P. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.10.050 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What Is the Evidence for Physical Therapy Poststroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Veerbeek, J. M., van Wegen, E., van Peppen, R., van der Wees, P. J., Hendriks, E., Rietberg, M., & Kwakkel, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087987 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
‡ (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60768-5 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
A catalogue of reporting guidelines for health research
Simera, I., Moher, D., Hoey, J., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02234.x · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Self-citationA Randomized Trial of Rectal Indomethacin to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
Elmunzer, B. J., Scheiman, J. M., Lehman, G. A., Chak, A., Mosler, P., Higgins, P., Hayward, R. A., Romagnuolo, J., Elta, G. H., Sherman, S., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1111103 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Self-citationFollow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
Hayward, R. A., Reaven, P. D., Wiitala, W. L., Bahn, G. D., Reda, D. J., Ge, L., McCarren, M., Duckworth, W. C., & Emanuele, N. V. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414266 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Self-citationAn index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke
Kent, D. M., Ruthazer, R., Weimar, C., Mas, J., Serena, J. L., Homma, S., Angelantonio, E. D., Tullio, M. R. D., Lutz, J. S., Elkind, M. S. V., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a08d59 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinert, R. E., Feinle-Bisset, C., Asarian, L., Horowitz, M., Beglinger, C., & Geary, N. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2014 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Standard 6: Age Groups for Pediatric Trials
Williams, K. J., Thomson, D., Seto, I., Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D., Ioannidis, J., Curtis, S., Constantin, E., Batmanabane, G., Hartling, L., & Klassen, T. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0055i · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects
Kent, D. M., Steyerberg, E. W., & Klaveren, D. V. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4245 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Predictive Approaches to Treatment effect Heterogeneity (PATH) statement
Kent, D. M., Paulus, J. K., van Klaveren, D., D'Agostino, R., Goodman, S., Hayward, R., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Patrick-Lake, B., Morton, S., Pencina, M., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-3667 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Self-citationZulman, D. M., Sussman, J. B., Chen, X., Cigolle, C. T., Blaum, C. S., & Hayward, R. A. (2011) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1629-x · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationNegeri, Z., Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., Krishnan, A., Wu, Y., Bhandari, P. M., Neupane, D., Brehaut, E., Benedetti, A., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n2183 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Maciejewski, M. L. (2018) · Biostatistics & Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/24709360.2018.1477468 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Rowland, A., Dias, M. M., Wiese, M. D., Kichenadasse, G., McKinnon, R. A., Karapetis, C. S., & Sorich, M. J. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.173 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Three simple rules to ensure reasonably credible subgroup analyses
Burke, J. F., Sussman, J. B., Kent, D. M., & Hayward, R. A. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h5651 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between Source of Infection and Hospital Mortality in Patients Who Have Septic Shock
Leligdowicz, A., Dodek, P., Norena, M., Wong, H., Kumar, A., & Kumar, A. (2014) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201310-1875oc · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Duan, N., Kravitz, R. L., & Schmid, C. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.04.006 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Intensive glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes - 15-year follow-up.
Reaven, P. D., Emanuele, N. V., Wiitala, W. L., Bahn, G. D., Reda, D. J., McCarren, M., Duckworth, W. C., & Hayward, R. A. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1806802 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationRowland, A., Dias, M. M., Wiese, M. D., Kichenadasse, G., McKinnon, R. A., Karapetis, C. S., & Sorich, M. J. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.325 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Cardiovascular outcome trials of glucose-lowering drugs or strategies in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Sourij, H., & Califf, R. M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60794-7 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Yavchitz, A., Ravaud, P., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Hrobjartsson, A., Lasserson, T., & Boutron, I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.020 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictive Accuracy of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index for Mortality With HIV Infection
Justice, A. C., Modur, S. P., Tate, J. P., Althoff, K. N., Jacobson, L. P., Gebo, K. A., Kitahata, M. M., Horberg, M. A., Brooks, J. T., Buchacz, K. A., et al. (2012) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31827df36c · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Serruys, P. W. J. C., Fuster, V., Farkouh, M. E., Spertus, J. A., Cohen, D. J., Park, S., Park, D., Ahn, J., Kappetein, A. P., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32114-0 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferences between opioids: pharmacological, experimental, clinical and economical perspectives
Drewes, A. M., Jensen, R. D., Nielsen, L. M., Droney, J., Christrup, L. L., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Riley, J. L., & Dahan, A. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04317.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Using patient self-reports to study heterogeneity of treatment effects in major depressive disorder
Kessler, R. C., van Loo, H. M., Wardenaar, K. J., Bossarte, R. M., Brenner, L. A., Ebert, D. D., de Jonge, P., Nierenberg, A. A., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., et al. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016000020 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Conceptual, Methodological, and Ethical Problems in Communicating Uncertainty in Clinical Evidence
Han, P. K. J. (2012) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558712459361 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Dorresteijn, J. A. N., Visseren, F. L. J., Ridker, P. M., Wassink, A. M. J., Paynter, N. P., Steyerberg, E. W., van der Graaf, Y., & Cook, N. R. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5888 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Kent, D. M., Klaveren, D. V., Paulus, J. K., D’Agostino, R. B., Goodman, S. N., Hayward, R. A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Patrick‐Lake, B., Morton, S. C., Pencina, M. J., et al. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-3668 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of Poor Outcome After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Arnold, S. V., Afilalo, J., Spertus, J. A., Tang, Y., Baron, S. J., Jones, P. G., Reardon, M. J., Yakubov, S. J., Adams, D. H., & Cohen, D. J. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.762 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Non-Alzheimer’s contributions to dementia and cognitive resilience in The 90+ Study
Robinson, J. L., Corrada, M. M., Kovács, G. G., Dominique, M. A., Caswell, C., Xie, S. X., Lee, V. M. ‐., Kawas, C. H., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1872-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Uhlig, K., Leff, B., Kent, D., Dy, S., Brunnhuber, K., Burgers, J. S., Greenfield, S., Guyatt, G., High, K., Leipzig, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2659-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationKent, D. M., Nelson, J., Dahabreh, I. J., Rothwell, P. M., Altman, D. G., & Hayward, R. A. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw118 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationVaradhan, R., Segal, J. B., Boyd, C. M., Wu, A. W., & Weiss, C. O. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.009 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Sussman, J. B., Kent, D. M., Nelson, J. P., & Hayward, R. A. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h454 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationDahabreh, I. J., Hayward, R. A., & Kent, D. M. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw125 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationCovington, N. V., & Duff, M. C. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00081 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Miller, M. E., Williamson, J. D., Gerstein, H. C., Byington, R. P., Cushman, W. C., Ginsberg, H. N., Ambrosius, W. T., Lovato, L., Applegate, W. B., & for the ACCORD Investigators (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1545 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Venema, E., Mulder, M. J. H. L., Roozenbeek, B., Broderick, J. P., Yeatts, S. D., Khatri, P., Berkhemer, O. A., Emmer, B. J., Roos, Y. B. W. E. M., Majoie, C. B. L. M., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j1710 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Baum, A., Scarpa, J. R., Bruzelius, E., Tamler, R., Basu, S., & Faghmous, J. H. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30176-6 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Elmunzer, B. J., Foster, L. D., Serrano, J., Coté, G. A., Edmundowicz, S. A., Wani, S. B., Shah, R., Bang, J. Y., Varadarajulu, S., Singh, V. K., et al. (2026) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003597162-42 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Reports of My Death Were Greatly Exaggerated”: Behavior Genetics in the Postgenomic Era
Harden, K. P. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-052220-103822 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Yoo, A. J., Berkhemer, O. A., Fransen, P. S. S., van den Berg, L. A., Beumer, D., Lingsma, H. F., Schonewille, W. J., Sprengers, M. E. S., van den Berg, R., van Walderveen, M. A. A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00124-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Schreuder, F. H. B. M., van Nieuwenhuizen, K. M., Hofmeijer, J., Vermeer, S. E., Kerkhoff, H., Zock, E., Luijckx, G. J., Messchendorp, G., van Tuijl, J. H., Bienfait, H. P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00298-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cabieses, B., V, Uphoff, E., Pinart, M., Antó, J. M., & Wright, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105347 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Klaveren, D. V., Steyerberg, E. W., Serruys, P. W. J. C., & Kent, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.10.021 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationCarter, G. C., Cantrell, R. A., Zarotsky, V., Haynes, V. S., Phillips, G., Alatorre, C. I., Goetz, I., Paczkowski, R., & Marangell, L. B. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21918 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wiviott, S. D., White, H. D., Ohman, E. M., Fox, K. A. A., Armstrong, P. W., Prabhakaran, D., Hafley, G. E., Lokhnygina, Y. V., Boden, W. E., Hamm, C. W., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61451-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
RoPE Study Investigators, Kent, D. M., & Thaler, D. E. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-185 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Prediction Models for Cardiovascular Disease
Wessler, B. S., Lana Lai, Y. H., Kramer, W., Cangelosi, M. J., Raman, G., Lutz, J. S., & Kent, D. M. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.115.001693 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk-Targeted Lung Cancer Screening
Kumar, V., Cohen, J. T., Klaveren, D. V., Soeteman, D. I., Wong, J. B., Neumann, P. J., & Kent, D. M. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-1401 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneous Treatment Effects of Therapeutic-Dose Heparin in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19
Goligher, E. C., Lawler, P. R., Jensen, T. P., Talisa, V. B., Berry, L. R., Lorenzi, E., McVerry, B. J., Chang, C. H., Leifer, E., Bradbury, C. A., et al. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.3651 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Stevenson, W. G., Hernandez, A. F., Carson, P. E., Fang, J. C.-T., Katz, S. D., Spertus, J. A., Sweitzer, N. K., Tang, W. H. W., Albert, N. M., Butler, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.12.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Anker, S. D., Schroeder, S., Atar, D., Bax, J. J., Ceconi, C., Cowie, M., Crisp, A., Dominjon, F., Ford, I., Ghofrani, H. A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.516 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Meyer, N. J., Reilly, J. P., Anderson, B. J., Palakshappa, J. A., Jones, T. K., Dunn, T. G., Shashaty, M. G. S., Feng, R., Christie, J. D., & Opal, S. M. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002749 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Medicine Versus Personalized Medicine
de León, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182491383 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Anticancer Drugs
Liu, Z., Delavan, B., Roberts, R. A., & Tong, W. (2017) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Hollon, S. D., Areán, P. A., Craske, M. G., Crawford, K. A., Kivlahan, D. R., Magnavita, J. J., Ollendick, T. H., Sexton, T. L., Spring, B. J., Bufka, L. F., et al. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185529 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Salman, R. A., Minks, D. P., Mitra, D., Rodrigues, M. A., Bhatnagar, P., du Plessis, J. C., Joshi, Y., Dennis, M. S., Murray, G. D., Newby, D. E., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30184-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Moynihan, R. N., Henry, D. A., & Moons, K. G. M. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001655 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kravitz, R. L., Schmid, C. H., Marois, M., Wilsey, B. L., Ward, D., Hays, R. D., Duan, N., Wang, Y., MacDonald, S. T., Jerant, A. F., et al. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3981 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Selecting Optimal Subgroups for Treatment Using Many Covariates
VanderWeele, T. J., Luedtke, A. R., van der Laan, M. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000991 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wallach, J. D., Sullivan, P. G., Trepanowski, J. F., Steyerberg, E. W., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i5826 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationSubgroup analyses in confirmatory clinical trials: time to be specific about their purposes
Tanniou, J., van der Tweel, I., Teerenstra, S., & Roes, K. C. B. (2016) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0122-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Klaveren, D. V., Balan, T. A., Steyerberg, E. W., & Kent, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.05.029 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationBurke, J. F., Hayward, R. A., Nelson, J., & Kent, D. M. (2014) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.113.000497 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationShah, F. A., Meyer, N. J., Angus, D. C., Awdish, R., Azoulay, É., Calfee, C. S., Clermont, G., Gordon, A. C., Kwizera, A., Leligdowicz, A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202108-1908st · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hoogland, J., IntHout, J., Belias, M., Rovers, M. M., Riley, R. D., Harrell, F. E., Moons, K. G. M., Debray, T. P. A., & Reitsma, J. B. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9154 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Basu, S., Sussman, J. B., Rigdon, J., Steimle, L., Denton, B. T., & Hayward, R. A. (2017) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002410 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSpoorenberg, S. L. W., Wynia, K., Uittenbroek, R. J., Kremer, H. P. H., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190751 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Fustolo‐Gunnink, S. F., Fijnvandraat, K., Klaveren, D. V., Stanworth, S. J., Curley, A., Onland, W., Steyerberg, E. W., de Kort, E. H. M., d’Haens, E. J., Hulzebos, C. V., et al. (2019) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2019000899 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects: a scoping review
Rekkas, A., Paulus, J. K., Raman, G., Wong, J. B., Steyerberg, E. W., Rijnbeek, P. R., Kent, D. M., & Klaveren, D. V. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-01145-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationBasu, S., Raghavan, S., Wexler, D. J., & Berkowitz, S. A. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-2252 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Multimorbidity and Evidence Generation
Weiss, C. O., Varadhan, R., Puhan, M. A., Vickers, A. J., Bandeen‐Roche, K., Boyd, C. M., & Kent, D. M. (2014) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2660-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic heterogeneity: Challenges, impacts, and methods through an associative lens
Woodward, A., Urbanowicz, R. J., Naj, A. C., & Moore, J. H. (2022) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22497 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Willke, R. J., Zheng, Z., Subedi, P., Althin, R., & Mullins, C. D. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-185 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ryder, J. R., Kaizer, A. M., Jenkins, T. M., Kelly, A. S., Inge, T. H., & Shaibi, G. Q. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22369 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
van der Leeuw, J., Ridker, P. M., van der Graaf, Y., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Use in the United States
Johansen, M. E., Green, L. A., Sen, A., Kircher, S. M., & Richardson, C. R. (2014) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1641 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Experimental Designs to Optimize Treatments for Individuals
Davidson, K. W., Silverstein, M., Cheung, K., Paluch, R. A., & Epstein, L. H. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5801 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Deckers, K., Köhler, S., Ngandu, T., Antikaínen, R., Laatikainen, T. K., Soininen, H. S., Strandberg, T. E., Verhey, F. R. J., Kivipelto, M., & Solomon, A. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12281 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Richardson, D. M., Medvedeva, E. L., Roberts, C. B., & Linkin, D. R. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ261 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Yeh, R. W., Normand, S.-L. T., Wolf, R. E., Jones, P. G., Ho, K. K. L., Cohen, D. J., Cutlip, D. E., Mauri, L., Kugelmass, A. D., Amin, A. P., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.045229 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Propensity score weighting for causal subgroup analysis
Yang, S., Lorenzi, E., Papadogeorgou, G., WOJDYLA, D. M., Li, F., & Thomas, L. E. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9029 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Transesophageal Echocardiography in Cryptogenic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale
Wessler, B. S., Thaler, D. E., Ruthazer, R., Weimar, C., Tullio, M. R. D., Elkind, M. S. V., Homma, S., Lutz, J. S., Mas, J., Mattle, H. P., et al. (2013) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.113.000807 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationPragmatic trials and implementation science: grounds for divorce?
Pawson, R. (2019) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-019-0814-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Natarajan, G., Pappas, A., Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Walsh, M. C., McDonald, S. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Tyson, J. E., Goldberg, R. N., Bara, R., et al. (2012) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2012.103 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mazaki, T., Mado, K., Masuda, H., Shiono, M., Tochikura, N., & Kaburagi, M. (2014) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.047 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Why try to predict ICU outcomes?
Power, G. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000136 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Prevention of Migraine: A Narrative Review of the State of the Art in 2018
Loder, E., & Rizzoli, P. B. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13375 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
On the Undiffusion of Established Practices
Davidoff, F. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0167 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prediction of responders for outcome measures of Locomotor Experience Applied Post Stroke trial
Dobkin, B. H., Nadeau, S. E., Behrman, A. L., Wu, S. S., Rose, D. K., PhD, Bowden, M. G., Studenski, S. A., Lu, X., & Duncan, P. W. (2014) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2013.04.0080 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stuart, E. A., & Rhodes, A. (2016) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x16660663 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hutchinson, R. A., Adams, R., McArt, D. G., Salto‐Tellez, M., Jasani, B., & Hamilton, P. W. (2015) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0531-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ku, E., Sarnak, M. J., Toto, R. D., McCulloch, C. E., Lin, F., Smogorzewski, M. J., & Hsu, C. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.012749 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Detecting Heterogeneous Treatment Effects to Guide Personalized Blood Pressure Treatment
Basu, S., Sussman, J. B., & Hayward, R. A. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-1756 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationCo-Prescription Trends in a Large Cohort of Subjects Predict Substantial Drug-Drug Interactions
Sutherland, J. J., Daly, T. M., Liu, X., Goldstein, K., Johnston, J. A., & Ryan, T. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118991 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Individualized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Garber, A. M. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001058 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationSubramanian, S. V., Kim, R., & Christakis, N. A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Subgroup balancing propensity score
Jing, D., Zhang, J. L., Zeng, S., & Li, F. (2019) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219870836 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Novel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology
Baribeau, D. A., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kent, D. M., Rothwell, P. M., Ioannidis, J. P., Altman, D. G., & Hayward, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Tufts Medical Center (US)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kent, David M
- Venue
- Trials
- Published
- 2010-08-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-85
- ISSN
- 1745-6215 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2928211
- OpenAlex
- W2128780239
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health (P60DK20572)
- Quality Enhancement Research Initiative
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK020572, P60 DK 20572)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS062153)
- National Center for Research Resources (U54 RR023562)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- treatment effect heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, clinical trial reporting, treatment risks and benefits, risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Risk Factors, Therapeutics, Reproducibility of Results, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Assessment, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
