Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine
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BACKGROUND: Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2) in patients with migraine. METHODS: Patients with migraine (with or without aura) were consecutively recruited from our headache clinic. They completed several instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI), the PHQ-9, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL). RESULTS: Among 132 participants, 39 patients (29.5%) had a major depressive disorder (MDD) as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α coefficients for the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.894 and 0.747, respectively. At a cutoff score of 7, the PHQ-9 had a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.7%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 64.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.5%. At a cutoff score of 2, the PHQ-2 had a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 90.3%, a PPV of 74.3%, and a NPV of 86.6%. The scores of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 well correlated with the BDI-II score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for MDD in patients with migraine.
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The Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is reliable and valid with satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.86) and has been validated for migraine and chronically ill patients.
“The PHQ-9 has been found to be reliable and valid with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) [54]. The PHQ-9 has been validated for migraine patients [55] as well as chronically ill patients [56].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sung-Pa
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-07-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-65
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4501946
- OpenAlex
- W1512628111
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kyungpook National University
- Kyungpook National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, PHQ-2, migraine, major depressive disorder, depression screening, questionnaire validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity and specificity, migraine with aura
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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