Unraveling the Phenotypic and Genomic Background of Behavioral Plasticity and Temperament in North American Angus Cattle
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BACKGROUND: Longitudinal records of temperament can be used for assessing behavioral plasticity, such as aptness to learn, memorize, or change behavioral responses based on affective state. In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic and genomic background of North American Angus cow temperament measured throughout their lifetime around the weaning season, including the development of a new indicator trait termed docility-based learning and behavioral plasticity. The analyses included 273,695 and 153,898 records for yearling (YT) and cow at weaning (CT) temperament, respectively, 723,248 animals in the pedigree, and 8784 genotyped animals. Both YT and CT were measured when the animal was loading into/exiting the chute. Moreover, CT was measured around the time in which the cow was separated from her calf. A random regression model fitting a first-order Legendre orthogonal polynomial was used to model the covariance structure of temperament and to assess the learning and behavioral plasticity (i.e., slope of the regression) of individual cows. This study provides, for the first time, a longitudinal perspective of the genetic and genomic mechanisms underlying temperament, learning, and behavioral plasticity in beef cattle. RESULTS: CT measured across years is heritable (0.38-0.53). Positive and strong genetic correlations (0.91-1.00) were observed among all CT age-group pairs and between CT and YT (0.84). Over 90% of the candidate genes identified overlapped among CT age-groups and the estimated effect of genomic markers located within important candidate genes changed over time. A small but significant genetic component was observed for learning and behavioral plasticity (heritability = 0.02 ± 0.002). Various candidate genes were identified, revealing the polygenic nature of the traits evaluated. The pathways and candidate genes identified are associated with steroid and glucocorticoid hormones, development delay, cognitive development, and behavioral changes in cattle and other species. CONCLUSIONS: Cow temperament is highly heritable and repeatable. The changes in temperament can be genetically improved by selecting animals with favorable learning and behavioral plasticity (i.e., habituation). Furthermore, the environment explains a large part of the variation in learning and behavioral plasticity, leading to opportunities to also improve the overall temperament by refining management practices. Moreover, behavioral plasticity offers opportunities to improve the long-term animal and handler welfare through habituation.
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Temperament traits such as flight speed in beef cattle are heritable and directly impact an animal's response to human handling.
“Behaviorally, temperament traits such as flight speed in beef cattle are known to be heritable [132,133], directly impacting an animal’s response to human handling during milking, transport, and calving.”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [133]
The Conclusions report that temperament in beef cattle is moderately to highly heritable, and Methods > Data defines its temperament scores as responses to handling in a chute (pages unavailable). The paper does not establish heritability specifically for flight speed; its handling evidence also does not address milking, transport, or calving. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Study on the temperament of cows of the Limousin cattle breed
Karamfilov, S. (2023) · Zhivotnov"dni Nauki · doi:10.61308/hrme5670
Is the genetic architecture of behavior exceptionally complex?
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Association of Temperament with Growth Performance in Nili Ravi Buffalo Heifers
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Exploring how the temperament of Nellore dams influences calf weaning weightPreprint
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- Authors
- Alvarenga, A. B., Oliveira, H. R., Turner, S. P., Garcia, A., Retallick, K. J., Miller, S. P., & Brito, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Scotland's Rural College (GB)
- University of New England (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brito, Luiz F.
- Venue
- Genetics Selection Evolution
- Published
- 2023-01-19
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 0999-193X (ISSN-L)
- 1297-9686
- PMC
- PMC9850537
- OpenAlex
- W4317435630
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genetics Selection Evolution (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- cattle temperament, behavioral plasticity, learning, docility, Angus cattle, heritability, genetic correlation, candidate genes, genomic biomarkers, habituation, cow welfare, polygenic traits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Female, Genotype, North America, Phenotype, Temperament, Genomics
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