Postpartum women’s psychological experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: a modified recurrent cross-sectional thematic analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: COVID-19 has placed additional stressors on mothers during an already vulnerable lifecourse transition. Initial social distancing restrictions (Timepoint 1; T1) and initial changes to those social distancing restrictions (Timepoint 2; T2) have disrupted postpartum access to practical and emotional support. This qualitative study explores the postpartum psychological experiences of UK women during different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated ‘lockdowns’. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 women, approximately 30 days after initial social distancing guidelines were imposed in the UK (22 April 2020). A separate 12 women were interviewed approximately 30 days after the initial easing of social distancing restrictions (10 June 2020). Data were transcribed verbatim, uploaded into NVivo for management and analysis, which followed a recurrent cross-sectional approach to thematic analysis. Results: Two main themes were identified for T1: ‘Motherhood is Much Like Lockdown’ and ‘A Self-Contained Family Unit’. Each main T1 theme contained two sub-themes. Two main themes were also identified for T2: ‘Incongruously Held Views of COVID-19’ and ‘Mothering Amidst the Pandemic’. Each main T2 theme contained three sub-themes. Comparisons between data gathered at each timepoint identified increased emotional distress over time. Current findings call for the improvement of postpartum care by improving accessibility to social support, and prioritising the re-opening of schools, and face-to-face healthcare appointments and visitation. Conclusion: Social distancing restrictions associated with COVID-19 have had a cumulative, negative effect on postpartum mental health. Recommendations such as: Allowing mothers to ‘bubble’ with a primary support provider even at their healthcare appointments; allowing one support partner to attend all necessary healthcare appointments; and providing tailored informational resources, may help to support postpartum emotional wellbeing during this, and similar health crises in the future.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted maternity care provision.
“Given the negative impact of both pregnancy loss and perinatal death [3, 4], and the pandemic on maternity care provision [5, 6], investigation of how bereaved parents have experienced reconfigured services is crucial to future learning, providing important insights for service provision.”
From Preliminary findings on the experiences of care for parents who suffered perinatal bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Reports show poor psycho-social outcomes for perinatal women receiving maternity care during the pandemic.
“For perinatal women receiving maternity care, we have already seen reports of devalued care [5], poor psycho-social outcomes [6, 24], and worrying projections suggesting rates of stillbirth are expected to double globally [25].”
From Preliminary findings on the experiences of care for parents who suffered perinatal bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Women frequently reported detrimental effects of increased virtual care and decreased face-to-face care during the pandemic.
“As in other research about maternity care during the pandemic [5, 6], women frequently reported the detrimental effects of increased virtual care and decreased face-to-face care.”
From Preliminary findings on the experiences of care for parents who suffered perinatal bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
During the pandemic, there has been a notable reduction of face-to-face care, with an increased reliance on virtual care, or the total removal of maternity care altogether.
“However, during this pandemic, there has been a notable reduction of face-to-face care, with an increased reliance on virtual care, or the total removal of maternity care altogether [5, 6, 23]”
From Preliminary findings on the experiences of care for parents who suffered perinatal bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
This often rendered bereavement care impersonal.
“This often rendered bereavement care impersonal, which is again reminiscent of women’s entire journeys through pregnancy and childbirth from what we know from other research conducted during the pandemic [5, 6, 31, 32].”
From Preliminary findings on the experiences of care for parents who suffered perinatal bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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Protecting the mental health of groups needing NHS care this winter
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- Authors
- Jackson, L., De Pascalis, L., Harrold, J. A., Fallon, V., & Silverio, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Leanne
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2021-09-17
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 625-625
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8445650
- OpenAlex
- W3200850746
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 14.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Keywords
- postpartum mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, social distancing, motherhood, emotional distress, social support, postpartum care, maternal care, social bubbles, school reopening
- MeSH terms
- Burnout, Psychological, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Adult, Communicable Disease Control, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Mental Health Services, Mothers, Postnatal Care, Social Support, Qualitative Research, Postpartum Period
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