The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunosenescence in aging: between immune cells depletion and cytokines up-regulation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The immunosenescence is a relatively recent chapter, correlated with the linear extension of the average life began in the nineteenth century and still in progress. The most important feature of immunosenescence is the accumulation in the "immunological space" of memory and effector cells as a result of the stimulation caused by repeated clinical and subclinical infections and by continuous exposure to antigens (inhalant allergens, food, etc.). This state of chronic inflammation that characterizes senescence has a significant impact on survival and fragility. In fact, the condition of frail elderly occurs less frequently in situations characterized by poor contact with viral infections and parasitic diseases. Furthermore the immunosenescence is characterized by a particular "remodelling" of the immune system, induced by oxidative stress. Apoptosis plays a central role in old age, a period in which the ability of apoptosis can change. The remodelling of apoptosis, together with the Inflammaging and the up-regulation of the immune response with the consequent secretion of pro-inflammatory lymphokines represents the major determinant of the rate of aging and longevity, as well as of the most common diseases related with age and with tumors. Other changes occur in the innate immunity, the first line of defence providing rapid, but unspecific and incomplete protection, consisting mostly of monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, acting up to the establishment of a adaptive immune response, which is slower, but highly specific, which cellular substrate consists of T and B lymphocytes. The markers of "Inflammaging" in adaptive immunity in centenarians are characterized by a decrease in T cells "naive." The reduction of CD8 virgins may be related to the risk of morbidity and death, as well as the combination of the increase of CD8+ cells and reduction of CD4+ T cells and the reduction of CD19+ B cells. The immune function of the elderly is weakened to due to the exhaustion of T cell-virgin (CD95-), which are replaced with the clonal expansion of CD28-T cells. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with dementia, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes type 2, sarcopenia and a high risk of morbidity and mortality. A correct modulation of immune responses and apoptotic phenomena can be useful to reduce age-related degenerative diseases, as well as inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is especially important to ensure that antioxidant levels (e.g., vitamins C, E, and A) and micronutrients that are components of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., zinc, copper, iron, and selenium) are sufficient to combat the oxidative stress that is induced by many lifestyle factors common in this group, and which has great impact on immune function [10,23,35,36,44].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In older people, a lifetime of exposure to antigens and to numerous sources of oxidative stress can cause immune dysregulation that makes them more susceptible to infections than any other age group apart from young children [23,35,36].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358
Ageing populations: the challenges ahead
Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., & Vaupel, J. W. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61460-4 · Cited by 3,011
Franceschi, C., Capri, M., Monti, D., Giunta, S., Olivieri, F., Sevini, F., Panourgia, M. P., Invidia, L., Celani, L., Scurti, M., et al. (2007) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016 · Cited by 2,087
Understanding the odd science of aging
Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.027 · Cited by 1,984
Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age
Simon, A. K., Hollander, G. A., & McMichael, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.3085 · Cited by 1,796
Age-Associated Increased Interleukin-6 Gene Expression, Late-Life Diseases, and Frailty
Ershler, W. B., & Keller, E. T. (2000) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.245 · Cited by 1,282
Beneficial suicide: why neutrophils die to make NETs
Brinkmann, V., & Zychlinsky, A. (2007) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1710 · Cited by 937
The aging of the immune system
Weiskopf, D., Weinberger, B., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2009) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x · Cited by 908
Reactive oxygen species and the free radical theory of aging
Liochev, S. I. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.011 · Cited by 768
Senescent cells as a source of inflammatory factors for tumor progression
Davalos, A. R., Coppe, J.-P., Campisi, J., & Desprez, P.-Y. (2010) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-010-9220-9 · Cited by 636
CD28 extinction in human T cells: altered functions and the program of T‐cell senescence
Vallejo, A. N. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00256.x · Cited by 446
The immune system in extreme longevity
Sansoni, P., Vescovini, R., Fagnoni, F. F., Biasini, C., Zanni, F., Zanlari, L., Telera, A. R., Lucchini, G., Passeri, G., Monti, D., et al. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.06.008 · Cited by 442
Butcher, S. K., Chahal, H., Nayak, L., Sinclair, A., Henriquez, N. V., Sapey, E., O'Mahony, D., & Lord, J. M. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.70.6.881 · Cited by 436
Inflammaging and Anti-Inflammaging: The Role of Cytokines in Extreme Longevity
Minciullo, P. L., Catalano, A., Mandraffino, G., Casciaro, M., Crucitti, A., Maltese, G., Morabito, N., Lasco, A., Gangemi, S., & Basile, G. (2016) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0377-3 · Cited by 433
Wikby, A., Ferguson, F., Forsey, R., Thompson, J., Strindhall, J., Löfgren, S., Nilsson, B.-O., Ernerudh, J., Pawelec, G., & Johansson, B. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.5.556 · Cited by 407
Troen, B. R. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 403
Lages, C. S., Suffia, I., Velilla, P. A., Huang, B., Warshaw, G., Hildeman, D. A., Belkaid, Y., & Chougnet, C. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1835 · Cited by 399 · cited 1×
“The accumulation of these cells in the elderly plays an important role in reactivating chronic infections and the change in the T17/Treg ratio can cause alterations in immune response with the appearance of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases [39].”
Thymic involution with ageing: obsolescence or good housekeeping?
George, A. J. T., & Ritter, M. A. (1996) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(96)80543-3 · Cited by 364
Li, G., Yu, M., Lee, W.-W., Tsang, M., Krishnan, E., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2963 · Cited by 349
Jackson, J. G., Pant, V., Li, Q., Chang, L. L., Quintás-Cardama, A., Garza, D., Tavana, O., Yang, P., Manshouri, T., Li, Y., et al. (2012) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.027 · Cited by 329
Cevenini, E., Monti, D., & Franceschi, C. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32835ada13 · Cited by 317
Survival after the Age of 80 in the United States, Sweden, France, England, and Japan
Mantón, K. G., & Vaupel, J. W. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511023331824 · Cited by 286
Wikby, A., Nilsson, B.-O., Forsey, R. J., Thompson, J., Strindhall, J., Löfgren, S., Ernerudh, J., Pawelec, G., Ferguson, F. G., & Johansson, B. E. A. (2006) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.04.003 · Cited by 284
Peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes are differently regulated in the elderly
Bella, S. D., Bierti, L., Presicce, P., Arienti, R., Valenti, M., Saresella, M., Vergani, C., & Villa, M. L. (2006) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2006.09.012 · Cited by 280
NK phenotypic markers and IL2 response in NK cells from elderly people
Borrego, F., Alonso, M. C., Galiani, M. D., Carracedo, J., Ramı́rez, R., Ostos, B., Peña, J., & Solana, R. (1999) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00076-x · Cited by 278
Haynes, L., Eaton, S. M., Burns, E. M., Randall, T. D., & Swain, S. L. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2433717100 · Cited by 270 · cited 1×
“The reduction of naïve lymphocytes may be a consequence of both thymic involution and chronic antigenic stimulation [31].”
Cossarizza, A., Ortolani, C., Paganelli, R., Barbieri, D., Monti, D., Sansoni, P., Fagiolo, U., Castellani, G., Bersani, F., Londei, M., et al. (1996) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(95)01691-0 · Cited by 253
Age-related changes in natural killer cell receptors from childhood through old age
Almeida-Oliveira, A., Smith-Carvalho, M., Pôrto, L. C., Cardoso-Oliveira, J., Ribeiro, A. D. S., Falcão, R. R., Abdelhay, E., Bouzas, L. F., Thuler, L. C. S., Ornellas, M. H., et al. (2011) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2011.01.009 · Cited by 223
The Effect of Age on the B-Cell Repertoire
Weksler, M. E., & Szabo, P. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1023/a:1006659401385 · Cited by 205
The Immune System in the Elderly: Activation-Induced and Damage-Induced Apoptosis
Ginaldi, L., Martinis, M. D., Monti, D., & Franceschi, C. (2004) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:30:1:081 · Cited by 202
Immunosenescence and Immunogenetics of Human Longevity
Ostan, R., Bucci, L., Capri, M., Salvioli, S., Scurti, M., Pini, E., Monti, D., & Franceschi, C. (2008) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000156466 · Cited by 189
Frailty: Defining and measuring of a concept
Pel‐Littel, R. E., Schuurmans, M. J., Emmelot‐Vonk, M. H., & Verhaar, H. J. J. (2009) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0051-8 · Cited by 179
Frailty and muscle metabolism dysregulation in the elderly
Evans, W. J., Paolisso, G., Abbatecola, A. M., Corsonello, A., Bustacchini, S., Strollo, F., & Lattanzio, F. (2010) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9297-0 · Cited by 173
Inflammaging and human longevity in the omics era
Monti, D., Ostan, R., Borelli, V., Castellani, G., & Franceschi, C. (2016) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.008 · Cited by 169
Shaping of NK cell subsets by aging
Solana, R., Campos, C., Pera, A., & Tarazona, R. (2014) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.04.002 · Cited by 167
Paganelli, R., Quinti, I., Fagiolo, U., Cossarizza, A., ORTOLANI, C., GUERRA, E., Sansoni, P., Pucillo, L. P., Scala, E., Cozzi, E., et al. (1992) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb07954.x · Cited by 156
NK Cells in Healthy Aging and Age-Associated Diseases
Camous, X., Pera, A., Solana, R., & Larbi, A. (2012) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/195956 · Cited by 154
Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review
Minciullo, P. L., Inferrera, A., Navarra, M., Calapai, G., Magno, C., & Gangemi, S. (2014) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000366210 · Cited by 153
Effect of interleukin-6 polymorphisms on human longevity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bona, D. D., Vasto, S., Capurso, C. A., Christiansen, L., Deiana, L., Franceschi, C., Hurme, M., Mocchegiani, E., Rea, I. M., Lio, D., et al. (2008) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2008.09.001 · Cited by 113
Maicher, A., Kastner, L., Dees, M., & Luke, B. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks358 · Cited by 107
Non-specific immunity in aging: Deficiency of monocyte and polymorphonuclear cell-mediated functions
Antonaci, S., Jirillo, E., Ventura, M. T., Garofalo, A. R., & Bonomo, L. (1984) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(84)90121-0 · Cited by 103
Role of persistent CMV infection in configuring T cell immunity in the elderly
Vasto, S., Colonna‐Romano, G., Larbi, A., Wikby, A., Caruso, C., & Pawelec, G. (2007) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/1742-4933-4-2 · Cited by 101
Plasma cell numbers decrease in bone marrow of old patients
Pritz, T., Lair, J., Ban, M., Keller, M., Weinberger, B., Krismer, M., & Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. (2015) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201444878 · Cited by 98
Sebastián, C., Herrero, C., Serra, M., Lloberas, J., Blasco, M. A., & Celada, A. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901131 · Cited by 94
Allergy and Aging: An Old/New Emerging Health Issue
Martinis, M. D., Sirufo, M. M., & Ginaldi, L. (2017) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2016.0831 · Cited by 85
Buffa, S., Pellicanò, M., Bulati, M., Martorana, A., Goldeck, D., Caruso, C., Pawelec, G., & Colonna‐Romano, G. (2012) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9488-5 · Cited by 83
Role of dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immune response in human aging
Gupta, S. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.12.009 · Cited by 80
Impaired secretion of interferons by dendritic cells from aged subjects to influenza
Prakash, S., Agrawal, S., Cao, J., Gupta, S., & Agrawal, A. (2012) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9477-8 · Cited by 79
Cristani, M., Speciale, A., Saija, A., Gangemi, S., Minciullo, P. L., & Cimino, F. (2016) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867323666160902154748 · Cited by 78
Senescence and cytokines modulate the NK cell expression
Krishnaraj, R. (1997) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00045-6 · Cited by 77
Age‐Related Modifications in Circulating IL‐15 Levels in Humans
Gangemi, S., Basile, G., Monti, D., Merendino, R. A., Pasquale, G. D., Bisignano, U., Nicita-Mauro, V., & Franceschi, C. (2005) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/mi.2005.245 · Cited by 77
Schwaiger, S., Wolf, A. M., Robatscher, P., Jenewein, B., & Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.613 · Cited by 73
Age-related differences in the neutrophil response to pulmonary pseudomonas infection
Chen, M. M., Palmer, J. L., Plackett, T. P., Deburghgraeve, C. R., & Kovacs, E. J. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.12.010 · Cited by 68
Trends in health expectancy at age 65 for various health indicators, 1987–2005, Denmark
Jeune, B., & Brønnum‐Hansen, H. (2008) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-008-0100-x · Cited by 68
B Cell Immunosenescence in the Elderly and in Centenarians
Colonna‐Romano, G., Bulati, M., Aquino, A., Vitello, S., Lio, D., Candore, G., & Caruso, C. (2008) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2008.0664 · Cited by 59
Büchner, N., Ale‐Agha, N., Jakob, S., Sydlik, U., Kunze, K., Unfried, K., Altschmied, J., & Haendeler, J. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.017 · Cited by 57
Rosenberg, C. A., Bovin, N. V., Bram, L. V., Flyvbjerg, E., Erlandsen, M., Vorup‐Jensen, T., & Petersen, E. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.24480 · Cited by 52
Molecular Mechanisms That Differentiate Apoptosis from Programmed Necrosis
Dorn, G. W. (2012) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623312466961 · Cited by 52
Activation-induced and damage-induced cell death in aging human T cells
Sikora, E. (2015) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.011 · Cited by 50
Aging and Impairment of Innate Immunity
Nomellini, V., Gómez, C. R., & Kovacs, E. J. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000136358 · Cited by 47
Apoptosis Remodeling in Immunosenescence: Implications for Strategies to Delay Ageing
Martinis, M. D., Franceschi, C., Monti, D., & Ginaldi, L. (2007) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986707780831122 · Cited by 43
Ford, D. W., Jensen, G. L., Hartman, T. J., Wray, L. A., & Smiciklas‐Wright, H. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2013.779622 · Cited by 38
Healthy centenarians show high levels of circulating interleukin-22 (IL-22)
Basile, G., Paffumi, I., D'Angelo, A., Figliomeni, P., Cucinotta, M. D., Pace, E., Ferraro, M., Saitta, S., Lasco, A., & Gangemi, S. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.05.004 · Cited by 30
Ventura, M. T., Serlenga, E., Tortorella, C., & Antonaci, S. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Is interleukin-22 a possible indicator of chronic heart failure's progression?
Gangemi, S., Parisi, P., Ricciardi, L., Saitta, S., Minciullo, P. L., Cristani, M., Nicita-Mauro, V., Saija, A., & Basile, G. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.003 · Cited by 14
In vitro zinc correction of natural killer (NK) activity in the elderly.
Ventura, M. T., Crollo, R., & Lasaracina, E. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Evaluation of IgA1-IgA2 levels in serum and saliva of young and elderly people.
Ventura, M. T. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Impact of aging on calcium influx and potassium channel characteristics of T lymphocytes
Kollár, S., Berta, L., Vásárhelyi, Z. E., Balog, A., Vásárhelyi, B., Rigó, J. J., & Toldi, G. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3808 · Cited by 9
Antonaci, S., Jirillo, E., Ventura, M. T., Garofalo, A. R., & Bonomo, L. (1984) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur Immunologie · doi:10.1016/s0769-2625(84)81157-5 · Cited by 3
[Determination of total IgA, IgA1 and IgA2 in the serum and saliva of an aged population].
Ventura, M. T. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course
Maggini, S., Pierre, A., & Calder, P. C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101531 · Cited by 710
Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19
Calder, P. C. (2020) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085 · Cited by 612
Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases
Forni, C., Facchiano, F., Bartoli, M., Pieretti, S., Facchiano, A., D’Arcangelo, D., Norelli, S., Valle, G., Nisini, R., Beninati, S., et al. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/8748253 · Cited by 546
Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6
Tyrrell, D. J., & Goldstein, D. R. (2020) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7 · Cited by 447
Metadata
- Authors
- Ventura, M. T., Casciaro, M., Gangemi, S., & Buquicchio, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- University of Messina (IT)
- Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Consorziale - Policlinico Bari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Casciaro, Marco
- Venue
- Clinical and Molecular Allergy
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 1476-7961 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5731094
- OpenAlex
- W2773578465
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 22
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Clinical and Molecular Allergy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, aging, inflammaging, chronic inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, T cell exhaustion, naive T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, apoptosis, oxidative stress, innate immunity, centenarians, frailty, age-related diseases, longevity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
