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Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in youth have been reported to vary by sex, age, weight status and country. However, supporting data are often self-reported and/or do not encompass a wide range of ages or geographical locations. This study aimed to describe objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time patterns in youth. METHODS: The International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) consists of ActiGraph accelerometer data from 20 studies in ten countries, processed using common data reduction procedures. Analyses were conducted on 27,637 participants (2.8-18.4 years) who provided at least three days of valid accelerometer data. Linear regression was used to examine associations between age, sex, weight status, country and physical activity outcomes. RESULTS: Boys were less sedentary and more active than girls at all ages. After 5 years of age there was an average cross-sectional decrease of 4.2% in total physical activity with each additional year of age, due mainly to lower levels of light-intensity physical activity and greater time spent sedentary. Physical activity did not differ by weight status in the youngest children, but from age seven onwards, overweight/obese participants were less active than their normal weight counterparts. Physical activity varied between samples from different countries, with a 15-20% difference between the highest and lowest countries at age 9-10 and a 26-28% difference at age 12-13. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity differed between samples from different countries, but the associations between demographic characteristics and physical activity were consistently observed. Further research is needed to explore environmental and sociocultural explanations for these differences.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This pooled analysis of ActiGraph accelerometer data from 20 studies in ten countries described physical activity and sedentary time in 27,637 youth aged 2.8–18.4 years. It found consistent sex, age, and weight-status differences, plus substantial between-country variation, despite use of common data-reduction procedures.
Key findings
- Boys were less sedentary and more active than girls at all ages. After age 5, total physical activity decreased cross-sectionally by an average of 4.2% per additional year (3.7% in boys, 4.6% in girls), mainly through lower light-intensity activity and greater sedentary time.
- Physical activity did not differ by weight status in the youngest children, but from age seven onwards overweight/obese participants were less active than normal-weight peers; this showed a dose–response relationship in both sexes and was particularly large in boys.
- Between-country differences were substantial: at age 9–10 the difference between the least active population (Madeira) and most active (Oslo, Norway) was 15–20% (156 cpm in boys, 613 vs. 769; 99 cpm in girls, 561 vs. 660), and at age 12–13 it was 26–28%.
- Among 5–17 year olds in ICAD, only 9.0% of boys and 1.9% of girls achieved ≥60 min MVPA every valid day; ≥60 min MVPA was accumulated on 46% of valid days for boys and 22% for girls, with Norwegian boys aged 9–10 recording the highest values (60.5% of measured days).
Methods
- ICAD pooled ActiGraph accelerometer data from 20 studies in ten countries using a standard data-reduction procedure. Analyses included 27,637 participants (92% of 29,967 potential participants) aged 2.8–18.4 years with at least 3 valid days (mean 5.3, range 3–7), providing 188,416 valid days across 35,360 time points.
- Linear regression examined cross-sectional associations between age, sex, weight status, and physical activity outcomes, adjusted for study and season; robust standard errors accounted for repeated measures within participants. Country comparisons were restricted to ages 9–15 and ten studies from eight countries, using standardized within-country outcomes and random-effects meta-analysis.
- Physical activity outcomes included average accelerometer counts per minute (cpm) and percentage time sedentary (≤100 cpm), light (101–2295 cpm), and moderate-to-vigorous (≥2296 cpm). Guideline achievement was presented as ≥60 min MVPA on every valid day and as the percentage of valid days with ≥60 min MVPA.
Limitations
- The paper states that the sample was skewed toward ages 9–15 (82% of measurement time points) and the UK and USA (73% of measurement time points); some countries had too few participants for country-level analysis, countries were not globally representative, and low- and middle-income countries were underrepresented. Most samples were not nationally representative, though generally at least regionally representative.
- The paper states accelerometer limitations: waist-worn accelerometers poorly record upper-body activity and cycling, potentially underestimating activity in high-cycling countries such as Denmark; they misclassify motionless-standing as sedentary, potentially overestimating sedentary time; and the MVPA thresholds perform poorly for ages 4–6 and are not validated under age 4.
- The paper notes that direction of causation between weight status and physical activity was not investigated and may be bidirectional, and that individual, social, and environmental explanations for between-country differences were not explored. Evident from the text: girls were over-represented (59%, falling to 52% after excluding one large study of adolescent girls), which may affect descriptive proportions.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own result · 12 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At age 9–10, the difference between the least active population (Madeira) and the most active (Oslo, Norway) was 15–20 % (156 cpm in boys (613 vs. 769) and 99 cpm in girls (561 vs. 660)).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At age 12–13, even larger differences were seen (26–28 % between the highest and lowest countries).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due mainly to lower levels of light-intensity physical activity and greater time spent sedentary”
- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
“Simultaneous with the reduction in total physical activity and percentage time in MVPA between increasing age groups, light physical activity (Fig. 1c) declined and sedentary time increased (Fig. 1d).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“the lower levels of overall physical activity with increasing age were reflected by a progressive increase in the volume of sedentary time and an almost equivalent ‘displacement’ of light-intensity physical activity.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overweight/obesity was not associated with total physical activity in the youngest age groups (age 2–6)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Physical activity did not differ by weight status in the youngest children”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Physical activity by sex, age and weight status
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but from age seven onwards, overweight/obese participants were less active than their normal weight counterparts.”
- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
“but was consistently associated with lower total physical activity in older age groups (Fig. 2a).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When calculated relative to the average activity level at age 12, the annual difference was 5.8 % (4.7 % in boys, 6.8 % in girls; data not shown).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 5 years of age there was an average cross-sectional decrease of 4.2 % in total physical activity with each additional year of age”
- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
“Overall, this is equivalent to an average annual reduction in total physical activity of 4.2 % relative to age five (3.7 % decrease in boys, 4.6 % decrease in girls).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The present study found a difference of 4.2 % per annum in overall physical activity when calculated with reference to the activity level at age five.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 27,637- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“comparison of data from Norway and the US shows that Norwegian 9–10 year old girls were, on average, as active as American boys (658 vs. 655 cpm).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 5–17 year olds in the ICAD database as a whole only, 9.0 % of boys and 1.9 % of girls achieved this”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“≥60 min of MVPA were accumulated on a substantially higher percentage of days (46 % of valid days for boys and 22 % for girls)”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association showed a dose–response relationship in both sexes, and was particularly large in boys (Fig. 2b).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Physical activity by sex, age and weight status
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there was no country in which this difference was not significant or where the point estimate for the difference was less than 0.2 standard deviations.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Higher BMI was associated with lower physical activity in most countries, but this difference was not significant in all samples, including the two most active samples at age 9–10 (Fig 5c).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The three countries that were represented twice were ranked in the same order, with the USA least active, England intermediate and Australia most active.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Boys were less sedentary and more active than girls at all ages.”
- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
“Boys were more active and less sedentary than girls at all ages.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Physical activity was consistently lower in girls than boys”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 27,637- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Physical activity by sex, age and weight status · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all countries, boys were more active than girls. On average, activity levels among boys were 0.45 standard deviations higher than in girls at age 9–10 and 0.66 standard deviations higher at age 12–13 (Fig. 5a).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Cross-country comparisons of physical activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity varied between samples from different countries, with a 15–20 % difference between the highest and lowest countries at age 9–10 and a 26–28 % difference at age 12–13.”
- Also stated in: § Cross-country comparisons of physical activity · plain
“Average accelerometer counts per minute varied substantially between countries, both at age 9–10 (Fig. 3a) and age 12–13 (Fig. 3b).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There are many possible individual, social and environmental explanations for these differences that were not explored in this study.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ICAD provides a large volume of accelerometer data reduced using a common protocol, which allows comparison of study samples from a number of countries.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the countries included are not globally representative, with the US, UK and Northern Europe over-represented, few data from other geographical regions, and a dearth of data from low and middle-income countries.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, waist-worn accelerometers mis-classify time spent in motionless-standing as sedentary, which is not considered to be a sedentary behaviour (defined as “any waking behaviour characterised by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) while in a sitting or reclining posture” [35]), potentially leading to over estimates of the true volume of sedentary time.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Network SBR. Letter to the Editor: Standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours”. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:540–2. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the number of participants in some countries did not allow analysis by country, and overall the sample is skewed towards two main age groups.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“most samples are not nationally representative, although studies have generally sampled to be at least regionally representative.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The direction of causation in the association between weight status and physical activity was not investigated in this analysis”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a review of European studies using Actigraph accelerometers reported that 3–5 % of children met guidelines using an accelerometer threshold of >3000 cpm increasing to up to 87 % meeting guidelines using a threshold of >2000 cpm [20].”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Guinhouya BC, Samouda H, de Beaufort C. Level of physical activity among children and adolescents in Europe: a review of physical activity assessed objectively by accelerometry. Public Health. 2013;127(4):301–11. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In analyses comparing activity levels between countries, we restricted our analyses to children 9–10 or 12–13, resulting in a sample of 10,741 participants from ten studies in eight countries.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Methods > Participants
plainn = 10,741- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A systematic review and pooled analysis [10] concluded that physical activity declined by approximately 7 % per year after the age of ten.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Dumith SC, Gigante DP, Domingues MR, HW K l. Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:685–98. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All analyses were adjusted for the ICAD study from which the data was drawn and also for time of year (May-October vs. November-April, with the months inverted for the three studies from the Southern hemisphere).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Methods > Measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Strengths of this study include a substantial sample of young people across a wide age range, a consistent measurement instrument and data reduction procedures, and physical activity data from a wide variety of countries.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consistent differences by age and sex persist even though the countries differ in total physical activity levels, suggesting that these differences may to an extent be biological.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ICAD begins to address this issue by providing accelerometer data from a substantial sample of youth reduced using a standard methodology.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“The ICAD provides a large volume of accelerometer data reduced using a common protocol, which allows comparison of study samples from a number of countries.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, all countries were alike in showing the same differences in physical activity by sex, by age and (almost always) by weight status.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 27,637- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When performing cross-sectional analyses, robust standard errors were used to adjust for the clustering of measurement waves within participants.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Methods > Measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“When worn on the waist, as in the studies comprising the ICAD, they poorly record upper body physical activity and physical activity when cycling [34]. Thus, in countries with a high prevalence of cycling for transportation (e.g. Denmark), physical activity may be under-estimated.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Corder K, Brage S, Ekelund U. Accelerometers and pedometers: methodology and clinical application. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10:597–603. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whilst the thresholds used have been shown to provide valid estimates of physical activity intensity for youth aged 5 years and above [36], more recently they have been shown to perform poorly for MVPA in children aged 4–6 years [37] and have not been validated in children under 4 years.”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Trost SG, Loprinzi PD, Moore R, Pfeiffer KA. Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1360–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Janssen X, Cliff DP, Reilly JJ, Hinkley T, Jones RA, Batterham M, et al. Predictive validity and classification accuracy of Actigraph energy expenditure equations and cut-points in young children. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e79124. 10.1371/journal.pone.0079124. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior child and adolescent physical activity data pooling study had incorporated samples from such a diverse range of countries using consistent measures and methodology.
“No child and adolescent physical activity data pooling studies have incorporated samples from such a diverse range of countries using consistent measures and methodology.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Males are reportedly more active than females at all ages from youth to adolescence [18, 20, 58].”
From Barriers to voluntary participation in sport for children: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [58]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence shows that girls are less physically active than boys regardless of age [18, 19, 58].”
From Barriers to voluntary participation in sport for children: a systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“evidence suggests a decline in MVPA after early childhood,8, 9, 10”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“a recent review finding that 10 countries had an annual decrease of 4.2% in PA and an increase in ST after the age of 5 years.11”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The International Children’s Accelerometry Database, though cross-sectional, suggests that objectively measured physical activity may be in decline in both sexes from around the age of school entry.13”
From Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: gateshead millennium cohort study (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“A low proportion of children from China, India and the USA met the recommendation of being physically active at least 60 min per day, data in line with the 15 to 28% prevalence coming from the International Children’s Accelerometry database [36].”
From Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study (2016) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results > Physical activity by sex, age and weight status
“Overweight/obesity was not associated with total physical activity in the youngest age groups (age 2–6) but was consistently associated with lower total physical activity in older age groups (Fig. 2a).”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Discussion
“differences in physical activity by weight status are seen from 6 years of age.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results
“The prevalence of overweight/obesity (defined as an age and sex adjusted BMI equivalent to >30 kg/m2) was 26 % in the sample as a whole”
§ Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD) > Results
“| Weightstatus† ‡ | Overweight | 4939 (18 %) | 6238 (18 %) | | Weightstatus† ‡ | Obese | 2048 (7 %) | 2450 (7 %) |”
Citations
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“Background Physical activity in youth is associated with many health benefits [1, 2] and physical activity behaviours established in youth are likely to be carried through into adulthood [3].”
BackgroundEvidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth
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BackgroundCalibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children
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Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 785
Related-factors of social support for students’ physical activity in a network perspective
Silva, N. S., Mello, J. B., Bandeira, P. F. R., Mota, J. A. P. S., Gaya, A. C. A., & Gaya, A. R. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.28e0297 · Cited by 1
Paramés-González, A., Gutiérrez-Santiago, A., Fernandes, A., et al. (2024) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym16121588 · Cited by 2
Al-Hadabi, B., Yetgin, M. K., Dervent, F., & Aljuhani, O. E. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13050562 · Cited by 3
Ziegeldorf, A., Niermann, C. Y. N., Speer, A., Streicher, H., Wagner, P., & Wulff, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1537854 · Cited by 2
Narciso, P. H., Morano, A. E. V. A., Agostinete, R. R., Werneck, A. O., Giannopoulos, A. J., Bell, M., Antunes, B. M., Lira, F. S., Fernandes, R. A., & Klentrou, P. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05851-w · Cited by 4
“The decline in physical activity levels from childhood to adolescence is a well-documented trend, with research indicating that both boys and girls experience reduced activity levels throughout adolescence (Cooper et al. 2015).”
Stoepker, P., Biber, D., Dauenhauer, B. D., Steel, C., & Carlson, J. (2025) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399251348168 · Cited by 3
“However, most children are failing to accumulate the recommended 60 min of MVPA per day (Cooper et al., 2015).”
Children's Increased Screen Time During the Pandemic Is Now the New Normal
Nutley, S. B. (2025) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.70262 · Cited by 2
“Cooper et al. reported that a decline of around 4% in physical activity levels may be expected for each additional year of development after 5 years of age [9].”
dos Santos, J. B., Serra, H., & Pereira, A. D. S. (2020) · Revista Thema · doi:10.15536/thema.v16.2019.818-831.1118 · Cited by 2
Physical Education Within a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program
Lorenz, K. A. (2018) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · doi:10.15781/t2k931r4s · Cited by 2
“The decline may be influenced in part due to increases in sedentary behaviors associated with screen-time, or spending additional time sitting at school (Cooper et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialLahti, A., Rosengren, B. E., Dencker, M., Nilsson, J., & Karlsson, M. K. (2019) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000597 · Cited by 2
The assessment of physical activity
Hildebrand, M., & Ekelund, U. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0021 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBang, K., Jang, S.-Y., & Choe, J.-H. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9081249 · Cited by 2
“Female adolescents tend to spend more time being sedentary with less physical activity than male adolescents [29,30], and lack of physical activity increases the risk of obesity and diabetes [18].”
BackgroundPhysical activity, exercise, and cardiovascular health
Ferreira, I., & Gill, J. M. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780192843968.003.0019 · Cited by 2
Prática de atividade física e competência motora na infância
Silva, M. M. D. L. M., Catuzzo, M. T., Monteiro, C. B. D. M., et al. (2019) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v30i1.3065 · Cited by 2
“Percentil controle de objetos 3 anos 28,2 (16,8) 11 43,8 (23,7) 14 F(1,23)=3,403, p=0,078 4 anos 28,3 (22,7) 60 35,1 (21,9) 83 F(1,141)= 3,235, p=0,074 5 anos 23,00 (22,6) 61 26,5 (21,4) 84 F(1,143)=0,892, p=0,347 6 anos 20,2 (18,9) 36 23,7 (19,5) 38 F(1,72)=0,620, p=0,433”
Smartphones—The good, the bad and the ugly consequences of use
Elinder, L. S. (2019) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15083 · Cited by 2
de Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. A., Gantois, P., Vasconcelos, G. C., Gonçalves, R., Lamounier, J. A., & Damasceno, V. D. O. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.24e0104 · Cited by 2
Agbaje, O. S., Umoke, P. C. I., Attama, C. C., Ugwueze, F. C., Agu, B. N., Ozoemena, E. L., Kato, G. U., & Obute, A. J. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.18568/v1 · Cited by 2
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Beyond Boundaries: A Scoping Review of Adolescent Physical Activity in Asia and South AsiaPreprint
Gulzar, S. A., Ahmed, J. M., Akram, S., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.25325221 · Cited by 2
Guimarães, R. D. F., Barnett, T. A., Reid, R. E. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2245262 · Cited by 1
“It is known that CRF declines as children age (Armstrong & Welsman, 2019b; Cairney et al., 2011) and this decline can be influenced by biological or environmental factors (Cooper et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAYDIN, İ., Yaşartürk, F., Akay, B., Solmaz, S., & Ceylan, M. (2024) · Research in Sport Education and Sciences · doi:10.62425/rses.1460045 · Cited by 2
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The Association Between Physical Activity and Markers of Obesity in Children Living With Obesity
dos Santos, E. S. B., de Medeiros, I. A. C. M., Oliveira, M. S. D. S., Cureau, F. V., Mortatti, A. L., & Oliveira, R. S. (2025) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2024-0079 · Cited by 1
Morgan, K., Godwin, J. V., Cannings-John, R. L., Edwards, R. T., Granger, R., Hallingberg, B., Moore, G., Pell, B., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Whiteley, H., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01615-7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationOutdoor physical activity in traditional and newly designed preschools: a cross-sectional study
Fröberg, A., Eskilsson, T., Manni, A., & Markström, J. L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23455-z · Cited by 3
“Age was included as a continuous variable based on the mid-point of each age group (e.g., children aged 3–4 years were assigned a value of 3.5), since older children typically show higher total PA [20].”
InfluentialMurphy, J., Rasmussen, C. L., Brazo-Sayavera, J., Damilola, A. V., Loredan, N. P., Oluwayomi, A., Sardinha, L. B., Wedderkopp, N., & Murtagh, E. (2025) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2025.2523764 · Cited by 1
“Evidence suggests these cut points show the best overall performance across all intensity levels in youth (Trost et al. 2011) and have been preferred cut points in previous publications using ICAD data (Cooper et al. 2015; Renninger et al. 2020; Steene-Johannessen et al. 2020).”
Self-citationEarly specialisation in young gymnasts: a mixed methods study protocol
Benoît-Piau, J., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., Baker, J. R., Bolling, C. S., Croteau, F., Hill, Y., & Mountjoy, M. L. (2025) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002587 · Cited by 2
Zhou, P., Wen, L. M., & Lau, P. W. C. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70886 · Cited by 4
“These findings are consistent with previous studies [49-53], which suggested that LPA shows a decreasing trend from age 3 onward, while MVPA and VPA increase from age 3 to 5, plateau thereafter, and decline from age 7 to 9 [53].”
Johansen, J.-M., Mandelid, M. B., Reinboth, M. S., Resaland, G. K., & Bratland‐Sanda, S. (2026) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2025.2599881 · Cited by 1
“Meaning that most young people do not reach the 60 minutes recommended daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (Aubert et al., 2018; Cooper et al., 2015; Steene-Johannessen et al., 2020) where some national policies recommend ≥30 min in-school MVPA and thus ≥30 min out-of-school MVPA (Department of…”
Rasmussen, C. L., Hendry, D., Beynon, A. M., Stearne, S. M., Zabatiero, J. G., Davey, P. C., Rohl, A. L., Straker, L. M., & Campbell, A. (2026) · Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour · doi:10.1123/jmpb.2025-0029 · Cited by 1
Tan, S. Y. X., Edney, S. M., Padmapriya, N., Tan, S. L., Chong, Y. S., Tan, K. H., Yap, F., Godfrey, K., Lee, Y. S., Eriksson, J. G., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105140 · Cited by 1
“Our study is the first to examine trends across the 24-hour movement continuum from preschool to adolescence among multiethnic children in the less-studied Asian”
Andermo, S., Helgadóttir, B., Vera, L. F., Ekblom, Ö. B., & Nyberg, G. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26469-3 · Cited by 1
“Despite this evidence, the majority of adolescents both in Sweden and internationally do not meet the physical activity recommendations [2, 3], and activity levels decrease with increasing age [4].”
Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI in schoolchildren: age and gender differences
Albisua, N., Angulo-Garay, G., Río, X., Sáez, I., Ubierna, I., Ruiz-Parra, B., & Larrínaga-Undabarrena, A. (2025) · South Florida Journal of Development · doi:10.46932/sfjdv6n7-003 · Cited by 1
Şendil, A. M., Canlı, U., Larsen, M. N., Tarantino, G., Krustrup, P., & Aldhahi, M. I. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38837-5 · Cited by 3
Shabanliyski, D., Soares, D. P., Abbady, K., et al. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030087 · Cited by 1
“For instance, while both men and women show signs of muscle fatigue after repetitive upper limb tasks, the changes in pain sensitivity do not significantly differ between sexes [18].”
Fredriksen, P. M., Kharlova, I., Hæhre, M. V., & Mamen, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345363 · Cited by 1
“Declining PA with increasing age has been observed across multiple settings and study designs [5,6,7,8].”
Bewegung und Sport bei Jugendlichen
Kriemler, S., & Grunert, D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-52783-2_7 · Cited by 1
School facility utilization, physical activity, and sedentary time among children in Puerto Rico
Santiago-Rodríguez, M. E., Bustamante, E. E., Amalbert‐Birriel, M. A., et al. (2020) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-020-00649-z · Cited by 1
Sabbah, H. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815493-9.00011-9 · Cited by 1
Kippe, K. O., & Lagestad, P. (2020) · International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education · doi:10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2020.0522 · Cited by 1
“Studies have revealed that, in Norway and other countries, the activity level of children declines with increasing age [8, 12, 18-20].”
BackgroundAlezra, F. (2020) · Yearbook of Pedagogy · doi:10.2478/rp-2020-0007 · Cited by 1
van Stryp, O., Africa, E. K., Kidd, M., & Duncan, M. J. (2021) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2021.1973058 · Cited by 1
Bewegung, Spiel und Sport im Kindesalter
(2022) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839458464 · Cited by 1
Sepúlveda, Y. V. P., Doupouy, Y. A. P., Vásquez, N. V. J., et al. (2022) · MHSALUD Revista en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Salud · doi:10.15359/mhs.20-1.2 · Cited by 1
Screen use limitation increases physical activity
Kjellenberg, K. (2023) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.006 · Cited by 1
Covid-19 e influência da restrição social na atividade física de crianças e adolescentes
Milani, S. A., da Rosa, J. V. B. X., Alcântara, R. P., et al. (2022) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v33i1.3348 · Cited by 1
McQuillan, K., Yoshida‐Montezuma, Y., Jambon, M. M., Vanderloo, L. M., González, A., & Anderson, L. N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292934 · Cited by 1
Taj, L., Yasmeen, T., Haidar, W., et al. (2024) · Soil & Environment · doi:10.25252/se/2024/253438 · Cited by 1
Maddren, C. I., Dhamrait, G. K., Elliott, K., Toledo-Vargas, M., Gryech, I., & Okely, A. D. (2024) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/2024/6405166 · Cited by 1
School-Based After-School Physical Activity and Sports Programs
Min, H., Cothran, D. J., & Kulinna, P. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65595-1_13 · Cited by 2
Drapeau, V., Jacob, R., Mathieu, M.-E., & Tremblay, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21975-7.00005-8 · Cited by 1
Breheny, K., Salway, R., House, D., Walker, R. A. J., Emm-Collison, L., Sansum, K. M., Williams, J. G., de Vocht, F., Jago, R., & Hollingworth, W. (2024) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/lyjg6305 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of indoor activities for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in preschoolers
Kracht, C. L., Hendrick, C. A., Lowe, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2413724 · Cited by 1
“It is encouraging that the MVPA amount did not differ by age or sex, though preschool girls obtain less MVPA than boys (Carson & Kuzik, 2017; Cooper et al., 2015).”
A life course approach to the development of health behaviours
Blodgett, J. M., Mielke, G. I., & Winpenny, E. M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198895961.003.0018 · Cited by 1
Boddy, L. M., Rowlands, A. V., Cruz, B. D. P., Taylor, S. L., Noonan, R. J., Hurter, L., Crotti, M., Foweather, L., Graves, L., Jones, O., et al. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70118 · Cited by 2
“…the wealth of evidence high-lighting the importance of CRF and healthy body size for children's health, CRF assessed using field-based multistage shuttle run tests has declined over recent decades [3]; the prevalence of obesity remains stubbornly high in the UK [4] and is increasing globally [5].”
Uddin, I., Gulzar, S. A., Shah, S., & Hasnani, F. B. (2025) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-025-00193-z · Cited by 8
“Similar findings were also reported by Cooper et al. [36] who analyzed data from 20 studies in 10 countries.”
Kobel, S., Kettner, S., Dreyhaupt, J., & Steinacker, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Childhood Obesity · doi:10.21767/2572-5394.100029 · Cited by 1
“In spite of this knowledge, many children are not sufficiently physically active to benefit their health [7].”
BackgroundAtividade física de crianças e apoio familiar percebido: um estudo exploratório
Silva, N. S., Mello, J. B., Pedretti, A., Gaya, A., & Gaya, A. R. (2019) · Saúde (Santa Maria) · doi:10.5902/2236583438542 · Cited by 1
Lahti, A., Rosengren, B. E., Nilsson, J., Dencker, M., & Karlsson, M. K. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8080105 · Cited by 2
“It is often suggested that PA levels during childhood decline with age and more so in girls than boys, resulting in an apparent sex difference from puberty and onwards [30].”
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Tracking of physical activity and sedentary behavior of adolescents in different domains
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cooper, A. R., Goodman, A., Page, A. S., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., van Sluijs, E. M., Andersen, L. B., Anderssen, S., Cardon, G., Davey, R., Froberg, K., Hallal, P., Janz, K. F., Kordas, K., Kreimler, S., Pate, R. R., Puder, J. J., Reilly, J. J., Salmon, J., Sardinha, L. B., Timperio, A., & Ekelund, U.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
- Ghent University (BE)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, Ashley R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
- Published
- 2015-09-17
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-113
- ISSN
- 1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4574095
- OpenAlex
- W2143709617
- Semantic Scholar
- ae7064ed7f3723aad9b0f8279bcd885e364dee03
- Cited by
- 828
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 37.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- University of Canberra Research Portal (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (G0701877)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Keywords
- physical activity, sedentary behavior, youth, children, adolescents, accelerometer-measured activity, sex differences, age differences, overweight and obesity, cross-national variation, light physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Obesity, Time Factors, Databases, Factual, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Internationality, Overweight, Sedentary Behavior, Self Report, Accelerometry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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