A systematic review of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) to promote physical activity
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Progress in mobile health (mHealth) technology has enabled the design of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs). We define JITAIs as having three features: behavioural support that directly corresponds to a need in real-time; content or timing of support is adapted or tailored according to input collected by the system since support was initiated; support is system-triggered. We conducted a systematic review of JITAIs for physical activity to identify their features, feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness. METHODS: We searched Scopus, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, DBLP, ACM Digital Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov and the ISRCTN register using terms related to physical activity, mHealth interventions and JITAIs. We included primary studies of any design reporting data about JITAIs, irrespective of population, age and setting. Outcomes included physical activity, engagement, uptake, feasibility and acceptability. Paper screening and data extraction were independently validated. Synthesis was narrative. We used the mHealth Evidence Reporting and Assessment checklist to assess quality of intervention descriptions. RESULTS: We screened 2200 titles, 840 abstracts, 169 full-text papers, and included 19 papers reporting 14 unique JITAIs, including six randomised studies. Five JITAIs targeted both physical activity and sedentary behaviour, five sedentary behaviour only, and four physical activity only. JITAIs prompted breaks following sedentary periods and/or suggested physical activities during opportunistic moments, typically over three to four weeks. Feasibility challenges related to the technology, sensor reliability and timeliness of just-in-time messages. Overall, participants found JITAIs acceptable. We found mixed evidence for intervention effects on behaviour, but no study was sufficiently powered to detect any effects. Common behaviour change techniques were goal setting (behaviour), prompts/cues, feedback on behaviour and action planning. Five studies reported a theory-base. We found lack of evidence about cost-effectiveness, uptake, reach, impact on health inequalities, and sustained engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Research into JITAIs to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour is in its early stages. Consistent use and a shared definition of the term 'JITAI' will aid evidence synthesis. We recommend robust evaluation of theory and evidence-based JITAIs in representative populations. Decision makers and health professionals need to be cautious in signposting patients to JITAIs until such evidence is available, although they are unlikely to cause health-related harm. REFERENCE: PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017070849.
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The advantages of AI chatbot programs lie essentially in the computational power to develop and deliver personalized interventions.
“Beyond connectivity and feasibility, the advantages of AI chatbot programs lie essentially in the computational power to develop and deliver personalized interventions [22-24].”
Rapid progress in mobile health technologies and functions has enabled the design of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs).
“Furthermore, rapid progress in mobile health technologies and functions has enabled the design of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) [24].”
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Cites
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BackgroundDigital Public Health – ein Überblick
Bremen, L.-W. D. P. H., Zeeb, H., Pigeot, I., & Schüz, B. (2020) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-019-03078-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
van Genugten, C., Thong, M. S. Y., van Ballegooijen, W., Kleiboer, A. M., Spruijt‐Metz, D., Smit, A. C., Sprangers, M. A. G., Terhorst, Y., & Riper, H. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1460167 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The use of advanced technology and statistical methods to predict and prevent suicide
Kleiman, E. M., Glenn, C. R., & Liu, R. T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00175-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Third, JITAIs to date have primarily focused on outcomes such as insufficient physical activity 145 .”
MethodIn Vitro Killing of Schistosomula of Schistosoma Mansoni by BCG and C. Parvum-Activated Macrophages
Mahmoud, A. A. F., Peters, P., Civil, R. H., & Remington, J. S. (1979) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.122.5.1655 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fiedler, J., Eckert, T., Burchartz, A., Wöll, A., & Wunsch, K. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21082672 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This is especially important if the study aims to use a personalized approach as with just-in-time adaptive interventions [10] or aims to compare the result to common PA guidelines which both strongly depend on comparable data.”
BackgroundJust-in-time adaptive ecological momentary assessment (JITA-EMA)
Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Smyth, J. M., Wen, C. K. F., & Stone, A. A. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02083-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In practice, JITAIs are often designed to deliver interventions shortly before, during, or after a pre-sumptive state of risk or opportunity for a given individual (Hardeman et al., 2019; Perski et al., 2022).”
BackgroundThøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., Kritz, M., Grunseit, A. C., Chau, J. Y., Ahmadi, M., Holtermann, A., Koster, A., Tudor-Locke, C. E., Johnson, N. A., Sherrington, C., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01480-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In addition, other contemporary methodological approaches could be considered to assess effects of VILPA, including ecological momentary assessment methodologies [56] and just-in-time-adaptive interventions [52].”
BackgroundHankonen, N. E. (2020) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1814836 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…personalized, for example, just-in-time adaptive interventions, where participants are prompted with messages suited to them, based on data (e.g., Hardeman et al., 2019), expectations of enactment are likely to be higher, and monitoring whether participants enact the BCTs tailored precisely to…”
BackgroundHsu, T. C., Whelan, P., Gandrup, J., Armitage, C. J., Cordingley, L., & McBeth, J. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12766 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“We also included studies identified in the systematic reviews conducted by the Hardeman and Perski teams (Hardeman et al., 2019; Perski et al., 2022).”
InfluentialBi, S., Yuan, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhu, R., & Luo, L. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51714 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“To improve college students’physical activity behavior, digital health interventions have been recognized as a promising strategy [17,18].”
Karahanoğlu, A., Gouveia, R. H. D. F., Reenalda, J., & Ludden, G. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21113687 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“, content and timing of feedback) could be tailored based on the collected data and triggered by the system [45].”
BackgroundKeller, R., Hartmann, S., Teepe, G. W., Lohse, K.-M., Alattas, A., Car, L. T., Müller‐Riemenschneider, F., von Wangenheim, F., Mair, J. L., & Kowatsch, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/33348 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“More specifically, JITAIs adapt the provision of intervention content (eg, the type, timing, and intensity) by measuring the health condition or patient behavior with mobile technology such as smartphones, sensors, and software analytics to deliver intervention content at the time and in the context that the person ne…”
BackgroundLu, S.-C., Xu, M., Wang, M., Hardi, A., Cheng, A. L., Chang, S.-H., & Yen, P.-Y. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/39454 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“JITAI has been used to support health behaviors changes, such as physical activity [15,16], healthy diet [17,18], weight loss [19], and addiction [20-22].”
Giurgiu, M., Niermann, C. Y. N., Ebner‐Priemer, U., & Kanning, M. K. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/17852 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Furthermore, sedentary behavior–triggered EMA can be modified as a methodological system in a JITAI [37].”
BackgroundInfluentialGolbus, J. R., Dempsey, W., Jackson, E. A., Nallamothu, B. K., & Klasnja, P. (2021) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006760 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Digital chemsex support and care: The potential of just-in-time adaptive interventions
Platteau, T., Herrijgers, C., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102927 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Keller, J., Roitzheim, C., Radtke, T., Schenkel, K., & Schwarzer, R. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/26397 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Other strategies to prevent selective attrition in such online-based study designs include scheduling reminders and following up participants with lower study engagement using just-in-time messages or phone calls [38].”
Metzendorf, M., Wieland, L. S., & Richter, B. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013591.pub2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bridging Innovation and Equity: Advancing Public Health Through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions
Zainal, N. H., Liu, X., Leong, U., Yan, X., & Chakraborty, B. (2024) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071723-103909 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ester, M., Eisele, M., Wurz, A. J., McDonough, M. H., McNeely, M. L., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2021) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/28852 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Canfell, O. J., Davidson, K., Woods, L. S., Sullivan, C. M., Cocoros, N. M., Klompas, M., Zambarano, B., Eakin, E., Littlewood, R., & Burton‐Jones, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.854525 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“For PPH of NCDs, an example of using organic data is just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) where prescriptive physical activity recommendations are “pushed” to individuals based on real-time monitoring of sedentary behavior via wearables (20).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Disengagement in Just-in-Time Mobile Health Interventions
Park, J., & Lee, U. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3596240 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Such features are key to the design of Just-in-Time (JIT) interventions for the sake of timely feedback delivery [32].”
BackgroundCharacterizing and predicting person-specific, day-to-day, fluctuations in walking behavior
Chevance, G., Baretta, D., Heino, M. T. J., Perski, O., Olthof, M., Klasnja, P., Hekler, E. B., & Godino, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251659 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Applied to physical activity, the early prediction of imminent behavioral transitions represents a potentially valuable signal for delivering interventions “just-in-time” [36].”
BackgroundNeurophysiological Measurements in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S. W., & Weber, B. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00256-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Environmental Issues Are Health Issues
Inauen, J., Contzen, N., Frick, V., Kadel, P., Keller, J., Kollmann, J., Mata, J., & van Valkengoed, A. M. (2021) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000438 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Another promising avenue is just-in-time adaptive interventions (Hardeman et al., 2019 ; Nahum-Shani et al., 2018 ) that are used to deliver interventions in critical situations when persons are most susceptible to behavioral changes.”
Microrandomized Trials: Developing Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Better Public Health
Liu, X., Deliu, N., & Chakraborty, B. (2022) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2022.307150 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Song, T., Yu, P., Bliokas, V. V., Probst, Y., Peoples, G. E., Qian, S., Houston, L., Perez, P., Amirghasemi, M., Cui, T., et al. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/20650 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“As mentioned earlier, inadequate application of the behavioral change theory to guide the design and implementation of mHealth services also leads to unsatisfactory intervention effects [23,31,35,36].”
BackgroundVenkatachalam, P., & Ray, S. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100139 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Seixas, A. A., Olaye, I. M., Wall, S. P., & Dunn, P. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.667654 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…approaches, which can be categorized as part of a suite of innovative behavioral approaches such as just-in-time adaptive interventions (18– 20), adds a unique workflow and evidence for achieving more ecologically valid approaches to overcome barriers and accentuate facilitators of…”
BackgroundWang, S., Zhang, C., Kröse, B., & van Hoof, H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-021-01773-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) is an adaptive intervention design concept, aiming to provide the right type /amount of support at the right time based on an individual’s changing internal and external states [2, 3].”
BackgroundPrice, G. D., Heinz, M. V., Collins, A. C., & Jacobson, N. C. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115693 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bhattacharjee, A., Williams, J. J., Meyerhoff, J., Kumar, H., Mariakakis, A. T., & Kornfield, R. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580774 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Scholz, U., Kowatsch, T., Schaub, M. P., & Radtke, T. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/16937 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“To date, published studies on the effects of just-in-time interventions are limited to physical activity and sedentary behavior, with mixed evidence for intervention effects [13].”
BackgroundUbiquitous Affective Computing: A Review
Assabumrungrat, R., Sangnark, S., Charoenpattarawut, T., Polpakdee, W., Sudhawiyangkul, T., Boonchieng, E., & Wilaiprasitporn, T. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3138269 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wang, X.-B., Griffith, J., Adler, D. A., Castillo, J., Choudhury, T., & Wang, F. (2025) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713852 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Do, B., Mason, T. B., Yi, L., Yang, C., & Dunton, G. F. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101935 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
How Useful Are Digital Health Terms for Outcomes Research? An ISPOR Special Interest Group Report
Burrell, A. D., Zrubka, Z., Champion, A., Zah, V., Vinuesa, L., Holtorf, A., Bidino, R. D., Earla, J. R., Entwistle, J., Boltyenkov, A., et al. (2022) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.1730 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wang, S., Sporrel, K., van Hoof, H., Simons, M., Boer, R. D., Ettema, D., Nibbeling, N., Deutekom, M. D. L. F., & Kröse, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116059 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Recently, just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) has gained attention and been considered to be an effective strategy in the field of mobile healthcare intervention [6].”
Lee, V. V., Vijayakumar, S., Ng, W. Y., Lau, N. Y., Leong, Q. Y., Ooi, D. S. Q., Su, L. L., Lee, Y. S., Chan, S., Blasiak, A., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00924-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, a recent systematic review reported that many JITAIs for physical activity lack evaluation of JITAI usage and adoption among representative real-world and clinical populations 29 .”
The Digital Transformation in Health: How AI Can Improve the Performance of Health Systems
Periáñez, Á., del Río, A. F., Nazarov, I., Jané, E., Hassan, M., Rastogi, A., & Tang, D. (2024) · Health systems and reform · doi:10.1080/23288604.2024.2387138 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“14,38 These systems dynamically adapt, allowing rapid innovation cycles to support the deployment of agile and responsive public health and health care systems.”
Yang, C., Huh, J., Mason, T. B., Belcher, B. R., Kanning, M. K., & Dunton, G. F. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00951-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Implementing the Soil Enrichment Protocol at Scale: Opportunities for an Agricultural Carbon Market
Hammond, A. A. J., Motew, M. M., Brummitt, C. D., DuBuisson, M. L., Pinjuv, G., Harburg, D. V., Campbell, E. E., & Kumar, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2021.686440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“As a project developer, Indigo is now undertaking the first implementation of the new baseline approach in the SEP that generates what we term a Just-inTime Adaptive Baseline (JITAB)—inspired by the Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention approach in behavioral science (NahumShani et al., 2018; Hardeman et al., 2019).”
Ng, A., Wei, B., Jain, J., Ward, E. A., Tandon, S. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Wakschlag, L. S., & Alshurafa, N. I. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/33850 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Such homework can take the form of technologically supported just-in-time (JIT) interventions [21], which in the case of maternal stress can enhance effectiveness of stress-reducing techniques.”
BackgroundRohaj, A., & Bulaj, G. W. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11101469 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schroeder, J., Suh, J., Wilks, C. R., Czerwinski, M. P., Munson, S. A., Fogarty, J. A., & Althoff, T. (2020) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3421937.3421975 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enhancing digital health services: A machine learning approach to personalized exercise goal setting
Fang, J., Lee, V. C. S., Ji, H., & Wang, H. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241233247 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“6 Building upon the accurate cognitive health assessment provided by IoT devices, machine learning technologies in the digital health service provide personalized exercise guidance tailored to the physical needs of users, 7 and offer achievement rewards by incorporating external incentives (e.g.…”
BackgroundOikonomidi, T., Ravaud, P., LeBeau, J., & Tran, V.-T. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.12.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Yfantidou, S., Sermpezis, P., & Vakali, A. I. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3592621 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Such reminders fall under the umbrella of Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs), a ield that has gathered scientiic attention [70] and should be the focus of future work in the ield of ST.”
BackgroundSocial Comparison and Mental Health
Arigo, D., Bercovitz, I., Lapitan, E., & Gular, S. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-024-00313-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, social comparison is rarely included as a treatment component in JITAIs for promoting physical health [71] and has not yet been tested in JITAIs for mental health outcomes.”
Suh, J., Howe, E. S., Lewis, R., Hernandez, J., Saha, K., Althoff, T., & Czerwinski, M. P. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/48974 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Despite JITAI systems’ potential to provide precision support [27], few studies demonstrate the value of just-in-time (JIT) support in improving user engagement [43,44].”
BackgroundJust-in-Time Adaptive Interventions: Where Are We Now and What Is Next?
Nahum-Shani, I. B., & Murphy, S. A. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-121024-044244 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Reinforcement Learning in Modern Biostatistics: Constructing Optimal Adaptive Interventions
Deliu, N., Williams, J. J., & Chakraborty, B. (2024) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/insr.12583 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This distinctive characteristic contributes to its increasing popularity in a variety of behavioral domains, ranging from physical activity [47, 36] and weight management [97] to addictive disorders [42, 39] and smoking cessation [90].”
BackgroundKudinova, A. Y., Brick, L. A. D., Armey, M. F., & Nugent, N. R. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13869 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Herold, F., Zou, L., Theobald, P., Manser, P., Falck, R. S., Yu, Q., Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., Hillman, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05858-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…evidence holds great potential to inform and optimize intervention approaches aimed at promoting PA (e.g. “just-in-time adaptive PA interventions” (Hardeman et al. 2019; Müller et al. 2017; Wunsch et al. 2022)) to break up prolonged sitting with acute bouts of PA (Chueh et al. 2022; Li et al.…”
Cognitive and Affective Mediators of Alcohol-Facilitated Intimate-Partner Aggression
Eckhardt, C. I., Parrott, D. J., Swartout, K. M., Leone, R. M., Purvis, D. M., Massa, A. A., & Sprunger, J. G. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620966293 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Digital encounters: Human interactions in mHealth behavior change interventions
Müssener, U. (2021) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076211029776 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“41 The design of just-in-time adaptive interventions 34 in combination with personal preferences and contextual factors allow chatbots to customize the timing, amount, content, and frequency of the intervention by adapting each individual’s internal and external changes over time.”
BackgroundVětrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novák, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15513-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nicholas, J., Ntoumanis, N., Smith, B. J., Quested, E., Stamatakis, E. A., & Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C. (2021) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01391-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Budnick, C. J., Stults‐Kolehmainen, M., Dadina, C., Bartholomew, J. B., Boullosa, D. A., Ash, G., Sinha, R., Blacutt, M. E., Haughton, A. D., & Lu, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1094288 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Conduct just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAI) (91) to maximize opportunities when people experience “CRAVE moments” (moments when the desire to move is high), and perhaps intervene to promote desires when they are low.”
BackgroundGroarke, J. M., Richmond, J. P., McSharry, J., Groarke, A., Harney, O., Kelly, M. G., & Walsh, J. C. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/18288 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A recent review found that these interventions are acceptable to participants and are often used in combination with the same BCTs as in this study (ie, goal setting, prompts, feedback, and action planning) [52].”
Delobelle, J., Lebuf, E., Dyck, D. V., Compernolle, S., Janek, M., Backere, F. D., & Větrovský, T. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241262710 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“13,14 Speci fi cally, these interventions adapt in real time to an individual ’ s changing internal (e.g. when an individual is most likely to be receptive and needs it most) and external (e.g. social and environmental context) states.”
BackgroundHealy, S., Patterson, F., Biddle, S., Dumuid, D., Glorieux, I., Olds, T., Woods, C. B., Bauman, A. E., Gába, A., Herring, M. P., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108500 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“56 The model may also be used as a framework to help elucidate specific temporal elements obscured within the barrier of the ‘lack of time’ for exercise.”
Stults‐Kolehmainen, M., Gilson, T. A., SantaBarbara, N. J., McKee, P. C., Sinha, R., Bartholomew, J. B., Boullosa, D. A., Budnick, C. J., Bueno, F. A., Haughton, A. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1033619 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These might be conducted as part of justin-time adaptive interventions (JITAI) (87), which attempt to gauge and take advantage of motivation states (i.”
BackgroundHasselman, F. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001281 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…will have profound consequences for the design of diagnostic tools and intervention methods as well as the evaluation of the current empirical record (see e.g., Hardeman et al., 2019; Lichtwarck-Aschoff et al., 2012; Nahum-Shani et al., 2017; Olthof et al., 2019; Schiepek, Aichhorn, et al., 2016).”
MethodAdvances and challenges in sensor-based research in mobility, health, and place
Kim, E., Conrow, L., Röcke, C., Chaix, B., Weibel, R., & Perchoux, C. (2023) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.102972 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Domin, A., Uslu, A. S., Schulz, A., Ouzzahra, Y., & Vögele, C. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35118 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Another study reported that the JITAI condition demonstrated a significant improvement in health over the wait-list control condition [13,14].”
BackgroundSporrel, K., Wang, S., Ettema, D., Nibbeling, N., Kröse, B., Deutekom, M. D. L. F., Boer, R. D., & Simons, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35268 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., & Jennings, A. M. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00864-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…interventions (JITAIs) have been used to increase physical activity, improve dietary patterns and food consumption, and to improve health-related decision making in everyday environments (e.g., Hardeman et al., 2019; Rabbi et al., 2015; Van Dantzig et al., 2013; Van Dantzig et al., 2018).”
Lentferink, A., Noordzij, M. L., Burgler, A., Klaassen, R., Derks, Y. P. M. J., Oldenhuis, H. K. E., Velthuijsen, H., & van Gemert‐Pijnen, J. E. W. C. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1876764 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The sending of JIT-messages can be highly impactful (Hardeman et al. 2019) but it is only effective when someone is also receptive to the JIT-message (Nahum-”
BackgroundBrons, A., Wang, S., Visser, B., Kröse, B., Bakkes, S. C. J., & Veltkamp, R. C. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/47774 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oh, Y. J., Liang, K.-H., Kim, D. D., Zhang, X., Yu, Z., Fukuoka, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251324445 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“55,58 As for linguistic characteristics of user ’ s responses to Exerbot, participants in the relational chatbot condition demonstrated a greater use of total word counts as well as linguistic markers such as fi rst-person pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, adverbs, and question marks, which…”
Haag, D., Kumar, D., Gruber, S., Hofer, D. P., Sareban, M., Treff, G., Niebauer, J., Bull, C. N., Schmidt, A., & Smeddinck, J. D. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713307 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The contextual variables representing these contexts were selected based on tailoring variables typically used according to JITAI literature [21, 27], existing work on momentary determinants of PA [26], and the aktivplan application [90], in which this exploratory work is grounded for motivation…”
Castro, R., Alves, M. R., de Oliveira, C. C. M., Romero, C., Perazzo, H., Simjanoski, M., Kapciznki, F., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., & Boni, R. B. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.735624 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Overall, the sample size of the included RCTs ranged between 6 (37) and 69,219 (38) participants.”
BackgroundXu, Z., & Smit, E. S. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231183543 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Several systematic reviews have reviewed fundamental components of JITAIs and provided useful guidance on designing and testing JITAIs as well as addressing challenges.(5,33) To our knowledge, only one prior meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of JITAIs, and it only included studies published by February 2018.”
BackgroundAllender, S. E., Hayward, J., Gupta, S., Sanigorski, A. J., Rana, S., Seward, H. G., Jacobs, S., & Venkatesh, S. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0205-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“5 A second machine learning technique, reinforcement learning, has been used in “ just-in-time ” adaptive intervention (JITAI) optimisation 6 starting with individual user/patient data to select from a set of possible interventions.”
MethodAbusamaan, M. S., Ballreich, J., Dobs, A., Kane, B., Maruthur, N., McGready, J., Riekert, K., Wanigatunga, A. A., Alderfer, M., Alver, D., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08177-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Studies on JITAIs have demonstrated their effectiveness in promoting behavior change for various goals, including weight loss and physical activity, and across various patient demographics [26–36].”
BackgroundSimpson, A., Beauchamp, M. R., Dimmock, J. A., Willis, C., & Jackson, B. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102918 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hardeman, W., Houghton, J., Lane, K., Jones, A., & Naughton, F.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hardeman, Wendy
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
- Published
- 2019-04-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-31
- ISSN
- 1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6448257
- OpenAlex
- W2924472360
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research
- Medical Research Council (MR/K023187/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- just-in-time adaptive interventions, physical activity promotion, mobile health, sedentary behavior, behaviour change techniques, intervention feasibility and acceptability, sensor reliability, theory-based intervention, health disparities, cost-effectiveness, sustained engagement, goal setting, action planning
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health Promotion, Humans, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior
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