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Uncovering sex differences of rodent microglia
Open accessAbstract
There are inherent structural and functional differences in the central nervous systems (CNS) of females and males. It has been gradually established that these sex-specific differences are due to a spectrum of genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors which actively contribute to the differential incidences, disease courses, and even outcomes of CNS diseases between sexes. Microglia, as principle resident macrophages in the CNS, play a crucial role in both CNS physiology and pathology. However, sex differences of microglia have been relatively unexplored until recently. Emerging data has convincingly demonstrated the existence of sex-dependent structural and functional differences of rodent microglia, consequently changing our current understanding of these versatile cells. In this review, we attempt to comprehensively outline the current advances revealing microglial sex differences in rodent and their potential implications for specific CNS diseases with a stark sex difference. A detailed understanding of molecular processes underlying microglial sex differences is of major importance in design of translational sex- and microglia-specific therapeutic approaches.
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“Sex differences in microglia have been reported in both rodents and humans66”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
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“Importantly, these innate differences are exacerbated during immune challenge and stress and are suggested to be a prominent influence in observed sex biases of neurological disease34,36,68,69.”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Mouse cohorts in this study were balanced for sex based on previous reports of sexual dimorphism in microglial genetics34–36.”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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“In addition, aspects of sexual dimorphism in microglial gene expression are region-dependent36,68.”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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“based on previous reports of sexual dimorphism in microglial genetics34–36”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Han, J., Fan, Y., Zhou, K., Blomgren, K., & Harris, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Han, Jinming
- Harris, Robert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2021-03-17
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-74
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7972194
- OpenAlex
- W3136882251
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- China Scholarship Council
- the Swedish Research Council
- Neuroforbundet
- Hjärnfonden
- Alzheimerfonden
- Alltid Litt Sterkere
- the Swedish Cancer Foundation
- the Swedish Childhood Cancer Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- sex differences, microglia, rodent models, central nervous system, sex hormones, epigenetics, central nervous system disorders, sex-specific treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Male, Rodentia, Sex Characteristics, Microglia, Epigenesis, Genetic
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