Is bulk flow plausible in perivascular, paravascular and paravenous channels?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Transport of solutes has been observed in the spaces surrounding cerebral arteries and veins. Indeed, transport has been found in opposite directions in two different spaces around arteries. These findings have motivated hypotheses of bulk flow within these spaces. The glymphatic circulation hypothesis involves flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the cortical subarachnoid space to the parenchyma along the paraarterial (extramural, Virchow-Robin) space around arteries, and return flow to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space via paravenous channels. The second hypothesis involves flow of interstitial fluid from the parenchyma to lymphatic vessels along basement membranes between arterial smooth muscle cells. METHODS: This article evaluates the plausibility of steady, pressure-driven flow in these channels with one-dimensional branching models. RESULTS: According to the models, the hydraulic resistance of arterial basement membranes is too large to accommodate estimated interstitial perfusion of the brain, unless the flow empties to lymphatic ducts after only several generations (still within the parenchyma). The estimated pressure drops required to drive paraarterial and paravenous flows of the same magnitude are not large, but paravenous flow back to the CSF space means that the total pressure difference driving both flows is limited to local pressure differences among the different CSF compartments, which are estimated to be small. CONCLUSIONS: Periarterial flow and glymphatic circulation driven by steady pressure are both found to be implausible, given current estimates of anatomical and fluid dynamic parameters.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The plausibility of periarterial flow and glymphatic circulation is controversial based on estimates of anatomical and fluid dynamic parameters.
“based on estimates of anatomical and fluid dynamic parameters, the plausibility of periarterial flow and glymphatic circulation is controversial”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [289]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824 · see citing works
The blood-brain barrier: Bottleneck in brain drug development
Pardridge, W. M. (2005) · NeuroRX · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.3 · Cited by 2,798 · see citing works
The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work
Murray, C. D. (1926) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.12.3.207 · Cited by 2,105 · see citing works
The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide
Jessen, N. A., Munk, A. S. F., Lundgaard, I., & Nedergaard, M. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6 · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works
Cerebral Arterial Pulsation Drives Paravascular CSF–Interstitial Fluid Exchange in the Murine Brain
Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Venkataraman, A., Plog, B. A., Liao, Y., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1592-13.2013 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Basement Membranes: Cell Scaffoldings and Signaling PlatformsPreprint
Yurchenco, P. D. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a004911 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Mitchell, G. F., van Buchem, M. A., Sigurdsson, S. O., Gotal, J. D., Jónsdóttir, M. K., Kjartansson, Ó., García, M., Aspelund, T., Harris, T. B., Gudnason, V. G., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr253 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Cortical blood vessels of the human brain
Duvernoy, H. M., Delon, S., & Vannson, J. L. (1981) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(81)90007-1 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid: significance for physiology and pathology
Abbott, N. J. (2004) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2003.11.006 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Duvernoy, H. M. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6792-2 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Orban's oral histology and embryology
Johnson, D. R. (1963) · American Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1016/0002-9416(63)90214-8 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Carare, R. O., Bernardes‐Silva, M., Newman, T. A., Page, A. M., Nicoll, J. A. R., Perry, V. H., & Weller, R. O. (2008) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00926.x · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence
Hladky, S. B., & Barrand, M. A. (2014) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-11-26 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Lymphatics, lymph and the lymphomyeloid complex,
Yoffey, J. M., & Fc, C. (1970) · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease
Guyton, A. C. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 570 · see citing works
The Human Brain: Surface, Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy with MRI, and Blood Supply
Duvernoy, H. M., Bourgouin, P. M., & Vannson, J. L. (1999) · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Lymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease
Weller, R. O., Djuanda, E., Yow, H.-Y., & Carare, R. O. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0457-0 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
(1990) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Riley, N. (2001) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.43 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Moody, D. M., Bell, M. A., & CHALLA, V. R. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Management of Intracranial Hypertension
Rangel-Castilla, L., Gopinath, S. P., & Robertson, C. S. (2008) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.003 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Drainage of interstitial fluid from different regions of rat brain
Szentistvanyi, I., Patlak, C. S., Ellis, R. A., & Cserr, H. F. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1984.246.6.f835 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Cardiac Output and Cerebral Blood Flow
Meng, L., Hou, W., Chui, J., Han, R., & Gelb, A. W. (2015) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000872 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Mechanisms to explain the reverse perivascular transport of solutes out of the brain
Schley, D., Carare-Nnadi, R., Please, C. P., Perry, V. H., & Weller, R. O. (2006) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.07.005 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Glymphatic solute transport does not require bulk flow
Asgari, M., de Zélicourt, D., & Kurtcuoglu, V. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38635 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Schain, A. J., Melo‐Carrillo, A., Strassman, A. M., & Burstein, R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3390-16.2017 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Ueber die Erweiterung kleinerer Gefäfse
Virchow, R. (1851) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf01960918 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Jin, B.-J., Smith, A. J., & Verkman, A. S. (2016) · Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201611684 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Filtration through damaged and undamaged rabbit thoracic aorta
Tedgui, A., & Lever, M. J. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1984.247.5.h784 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
On Fractal Properties of Arterial Trees
Zamir, M. (1999) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0892 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous system
Weed, L. H. (1923) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000310302 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Observations on the length and diameter of vessels forming the circle of Willis.
Kamath, S. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Failure of Perivascular Drainage of β‐amyloid in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Hawkes, C. A., Jayakody, N., Johnston, D. A., Bechmann, I., & Carare, R. O. (2014) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12159 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Gaehtgens, P. A. L. (1980) · Biorheology · doi:10.3233/bir-1980-171-220 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bedussi, B., van der Wel, N. N., de Vos, J., van Veen, H. A., Siebes, M., VanBavel, E., & Bakker, E. N. T. P. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16655550 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Fluid mechanics in the perivascular space
Wang, P., & Olbricht, W. L. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.014 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Three-dimensional computational prediction of cerebrospinal fluid flow in the human brain
Sweetman, B., Xenos, M. A., Verbick, L. Z., & Linninger, A. A. (2011) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2010.12.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cipolla, M. J. (2016) · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Fractal models of circulatory system. Symmetrical and asymmetrical approach comparison
Gabryś, E., Rybaczuk, M., & Kedzia, A. (2004) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2004.09.087 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Branching patterns for arterioles and venules of the human cerebral cortex
Cassot, F., Lauwers, F., Lorthois, S., Puwanarajah, P., Cances-Lauwers, V., & Duvernoy, H. M. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.007 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
(1955) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Liu, H., Patil, P. R., & Narusawa, U. (2007) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e9030118 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Microvascular Research: Biology and Pathology
(2006) · Congestive Heart Failure · doi:10.1111/j.1527-5299.2006.05461.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dispersion in a curved tube during oscillatory flow
Sharp, M. K., Kamm, R. D., Shapiro, A. H., Kimmel, E., & Karniadakis, G. E. (1991) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/s0022112091001544 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphometric, geographic, and territorial characterization of brain arterial trees
Mut, F., Wright, S., Ascoli, G. A., & Cebral, J. R. (2014) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cnm.2627 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Penn, R. D., & Linninger, A. A. (2009) · Pediatric Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000218198 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sharp, M. K., Diem, A. K., Weller, R. O., & Carare, R. O. (2015) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-015-1457-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenhead, L. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Coloma, M., Schaffer, J. D., Carare, R. O., Chiarot, P. R., & Huang, P. (2016) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-015-0960-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tomita, M., 冨田, 裕., Unekawa, M., Toriumi, H., & Suzuki, N. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.078 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Murray's law revisited: Quémada's fluid model and fractal trees
Moreau, B., & Mauroy, B. (2015) · Journal of Rheology · doi:10.1122/1.4934240 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shahim, K., Drezet, J. M., Martin, B. A., & Momjian, S. (2012) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4006466 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shiraishi, T., Sakaki, S., & Uehara, Y. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling: A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity
(2016) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(16)x0002-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bevan, J., Dodge, J., Walters, C., Wellman, T., & Bevan, R. D. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801600 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]Sharp MK, Darcy-Brinkman model of shearaugmented dispersion in cerebrovascular basement membranes and the spinal subarachnoid space. 2017 Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics Symposium, Atlanta, GA, 19–20 June 2017.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain
Mestre, H., Hablitz, L. M., Xavier, A. L., Feng, W., Zou, W., Pu, T., Monai, H., Murlidharan, G., Castellanos Rivera, R. M., Simon, M. J., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.40070 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan
Logan, R. W., & McClung, C. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0088-y · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Rasmussen, M. K., Mestre, H., & Nedergaard, M. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2020 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
The glymphatic system: Current understanding and modeling
Bohr, T., Hjorth, P. G., Holst, S. C., Hrabětová, S., Kiviniemi, V. J., Lilius, T. O., Lundgaard, I., Mardal, K., Martens, E. A., Mori, Y., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104987 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
The glymphatic system: implications for drugs for central nervous system diseases
Lohela, T. J., Lilius, T. O., & Nedergaard, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00500-9 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Rapid lymphatic efflux limits cerebrospinal fluid flow to the brain
Ma, Q., Ries, M., Decker, Y., Müller, A., Riner, C., Bücker, A., Fassbender, K., Detmar, M., & Proulx, S. T. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1916-x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of brain water transport
MacAulay, N. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00454-8 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Glymphatic System Function in Relation to Anesthesia and Sleep States
Benveniste, H., Heerdt, P. M., Fontes, M. L., Rothman, D. L., & Volkow, N. D. (2019) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004069 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Fluid dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid flow in perivascular spaces
Thomas, J. H. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0572 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease and vascular cognitive impairment
Markus, H. S., & Joutel, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00028.2024 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Kucharz, K., Kristensen, K., Johnsen, K. B., Lund, M. A., Lønstrup, M., Moos, T., Andresen, T. L., & Lauritzen, M. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24323-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kelley, D. H., & Thomas, J. H. (2022) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-011638 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cerebral Vessels: An Overview of Anatomy, Physiology, and Role in the Drainage of Fluids and Solutes
Agarwal, N., & Carare, R. O. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.611485 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hydraulic resistance of periarterial spaces in the brain
Tithof, J., Kelley, D. H., Mestre, H., Nedergaard, M., & Thomas, J. H. (2019) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-019-0140-y · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Massey, A., Boag, M. K., Magnier, A., Bispo, D. P. C. F., Khoo, T. K., & Pountney, D. L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232112928 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sharp, M. K., Carare, R. O., & Martin, B. A. (2019) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-019-0132-y · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationBulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection
Raghunandan, A., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Tithof, J., Mestre, H., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.65958 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Iliff, J. J., & Simon, M. J. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277635 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Granberg, T., Moridi, T., Brand, J. S., Neumann, S., Hlavica, M., Piehl, F., & Ineichen, B. V. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09971-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A dynamic perfusion based blood-brain barrier model for cytotoxicity testing and drug permeation
Elbakary, B., & Badhan, R. K. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60689-w · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Intracranial pressure elevation alters CSF clearance pathways
Vinje, V., Eklund, A., Mardal, K., Rognes, M. E., & Støverud, K.-H. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00189-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Fluid Flow and Mass Transport in Brain Tissue
Ray, L., & Heys, J. J. (2019) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids4040196 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stevens, K. A., Cai, S., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Sun, J., Zheng, X., Du, T., Thomas, J. H., Nedergaard, M., Karniadakis, G. E., & Kelley, D. H. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217744120 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A network model of glymphatic flow under different experimentally-motivated parametric scenarios
Tithof, J., Boster, K. A. S., Bork, P. A. R., Nedergaard, M., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104258 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bosche, B., Mergenthaler, P., Doeppner, T. R., Hescheler, J., & Molčányi, M. (2019) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-019-00735-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wang, M. X., Ray, L., Tanaka, K. F., Iliff, J. J., & Heys, J. J. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23923 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The glymphatic system’s role in traumatic brain injury-related neurodegeneration
Peters, M. E., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02070-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Matsumae, M., Kuroda, K., Yatsushiro, S., Hirayama, A., Hayashi, N., TAKIZAWA, K., Atsumi, H., & Sorimachi, T. (2019) · Neurologia medico-chirurgica · doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2018-0272 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Elbert, D. L., Patterson, B. W., Lucey, B. P., Benzinger, T. L. S., & Bateman, R. J. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03037-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Role of Basement Membranes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Howe, M. D., McCullough, L. D., & Urayama, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.601320 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Paravascular spaces: entry to or exit from the brain?
Bakker, E. N. T. P., Naessens, D. M. P., & VanBavel, E. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087424 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chen, W., Liang, C., Peng, S., Bao, S., Xue, F., Lian, X., Liu, Y., & Wang, G. (2024) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24639 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Surface periarterial spaces of the mouse brain are open, not porous
Rivas, F. M., Liu, J., Martell, B. C., Du, T., Mestre, H., Nedergaard, M., Tithof, J., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2020) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0593 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Peristaltic flow in the glymphatic system
Romanò, F., Suresh, V., Galie, P. A., & Grotberg, J. B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77787-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Computational modelling of fluid and solute transport in the brain
Martinac, A. D., & Bilston, L. E. (2019) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-019-01253-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Quantitative analysis of macroscopic solute transport in the murine brain
Ray, L., Pike, M. M., Simon, M. J., Iliff, J. J., & Heys, J. J. (2021) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-021-00290-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wan, J., Zhou, S., Mea, H. J., Guo, Y., Ku, H., & Urbina, B. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00480 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Brain solute transport is more rapid in periarterial than perivenous spaces
Vinje, V., Bakker, E. N. T. P., & Rognes, M. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95306-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sensitivity analysis on a network model of glymphatic flow
Stevens, K. A., Tithof, J., Cook, D. D., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2022.0257 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wright, A. M., Wu, Y., Feng, L., & Wen, Q. (2024) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.5162 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Porro, G., Basile, M., Xie, Z., Tuveri, G. M., Battaglia, G., & Lopes, C. D. F. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115637 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Troyetsky, D. E., Tithof, J., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83951-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Brain cerebrospinal fluid flow
Kelley, D. H. (2021) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.6.070501 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mechanisms of tracer transport in cerebral perivascular spaces
Faghih, M. M., & Sharp, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110278 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSoden, P. A., Henderson, A. R., & Lee, E. (2022) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202200027 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Respiratory-related brain pulsations are increased in epilepsy—a two-centre functional MRI study
Kananen, J., Helakari, H., Korhonen, V. O., Huotari, N., Järvelä, M., Raitamaa, L., Raatikainen, V., Rajna, Z., Tuovinen, T., Nedergaard, M., et al. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa076 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fluid dynamics in aging-related dementias
Bah, T. M., Siler, D. A., Ibrahim, A. H., Cetas, J. S., & Alkayed, N. J. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105986 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Estimates of the permeability of extra-cellular pathways through the astrocyte endfoot sheath
Koch, T., Vinje, V., & Mardal, K. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00421-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Shang, J. K., Nedergaard, M., & Kelley, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111103 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00454-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ghaffari, H., Grant, S. C., Petzold, L. R., & Harrington, M. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2020.00004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Navigating Central Oxytocin Transport: Known Realms and Uncharted Territories
Parmaksiz, D., & Kim, Y. (2024) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584241268754 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shlobin, N. A., Staple, B. L., Sclafani, M., & Harter, D. H. (2024) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.062 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Geometrically Reduced Modelling of Pulsatile Flow in Perivascular Networks
Daversin, C., Gjerde, I. G., & Rognes, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.882260 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A hydraulic resistance model for interstitial fluid flow in the brain
Schreder, H. E., Liu, J. S., Kelley, D. H., Thomas, J. H., & Stevens, K. A. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0812 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A novel MRI phantom to study interstitial fluid transport in the glymphatic system
Komlosh, M. E., Benjamini, D., Williamson, N. H., Horkay, F., Hutchinson, E. B., & Basser, P. J. (2018) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2018.10.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pulsatile cerebral paraarterial flow by peristalsis, pressure and directional resistance
Sharp, M. K. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00445-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDreyer, L. W., Eklund, A., Rognes, M. E., Malm, J., Qvarlander, S., Støverud, K.-H., Mardal, K., & Vinje, V. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-024-00582-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Takano, K., & Yamada, M. (2020) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2020.05.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lahmar, T., Thuau, F., Pinard, G., Boutoleau‐Bretonnière, C., Perrot, P., & Lancien, U. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100335 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The year in review: progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2018
Keep, R. F., Jones, H. C., & Drewes, L. R. (2019) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-019-0124-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blanco, P. J., & Müller, L. O. (2025) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cnm.70020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Expression of Lymphatic Markers in the Berger’s Space and Bursa Premacularis
Morishita, S., Sato, T., Oosuka, S., Horie, T., Kida, T., Oku, H., Nakamura, K., Takai, S., Jin, D., & Ikeda, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22042086 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Boundary waves in a microfluidic device as a model for intramural periarterial drainage
Coloma, M., Schaffer, J. D., Huang, P., & Chiarot, P. R. (2019) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.5080446 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A brain-wide solute transport model of the glymphatic system
Quirk, K., Stevens, K. A., Tithof, J., & Kelley, D. H. (2024) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2024.0369 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hydraulic resistance of three-dimensional pial perivascular spaces in the brain
Stevens, K. A., Sun, J., Shang, J. K., Kelley, D. H., & Thomas, J. H. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00505-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CNS fluid and solute movement: physiology, modelling and imaging
Jones, H. C., Keep, R. F., & Drewes, L. R. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-0174-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00443-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Shang, J., Nedergaard, M., & Kelley, D. H. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.183608 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gjerde, I. G., Kuchta, M., Rognes, M. E., & Wohlmuth, B. I. (2024) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-024-02154-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Post-capillary venules is the locus for transcytosis of therapeutic nanoparticles to the brainPreprint
Kucharz, K., Kristensen, K., Johnsen, K. B., Lund, M. A., Lønstrup, M., Moos, T., Andresen, T. L., & Lauritzen, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.133819 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Interstitial Fluid Flows along Perivascular and Adventitial Clearances around Neurovascular Bundles
Kong, Y., Yu, X., Peng, G., Wang, F., & Yin, Y. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13040172 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Toledano‐Díaz, A., Álvarez, M., & Tolédano, A. (2020) · OBM Geriatrics · doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.2002117 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Novel insights into non-coding RNAs and their role in hydrocephalus
Cui, Z., He, J., Li, A., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Wang, K., Liu, Z., Ouyang, Q., Su, Z., Hu, P., et al. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00963 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Piotrowska, A., Winter, K., Carare, R. O., & Bechmann, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stefanski, M., Arora, Y., Cheung, M., & Dutta, A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14060591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Glymphatic system: A dynamic regulator of brain health and therapeutic target
Wang, X., Gao, M., Sui, S., Liu, F., Tian, W., Wu, S., Ding, J., Chao, X., Xie, X., Gu, M., et al. (2026) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.115825 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van der Wijk, A., VanBavel, E., & Bakker, E. N. T. P. (2020) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47801-8_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Noorani, B., Chowdhury, E. A., Alqahtani, F., Sajib, M. S., Ahn, Y., Nozohouri, E., Patel, D., Mikelis, C. M., Mehvar, R., & Bickel, U. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03175-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Joshi, K., Diaz, A., O’Keeffe, K., Schaffer, J. D., Chiarot, P. R., & Huang, P. (2024) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-024-02092-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A time-dependent, brain-wide model of solute transport in the glymphatic system
Gan, Y., Quirk, K., Stevens, K. A., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2026) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2025.0822 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estimates for the astrocyte endfoot sheath permeability of the extra-cellular pathwayPreprint
Koch, T., Vinje, V., & Mardal, K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516727 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanistic Insights into Cerebrovascular Effects via Modal Analysis in Type 2 Diabetes and DementiaPreprint
Arora, Y., Zhao, F., Stefanski, M., Hosseini-Kakhak, S. A., & Dutta, A. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1895.v1
Mechanistic Insights into Cerebrovascular Effects via Modal Analysis in Type 2 Diabetes and DementiaPreprint
Arora, Y., Zhao, F., Cheung, M., Stefanski, M., Hosseini-Kakhak, S. A., & Dutta, A. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1895.v2
Walz, W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48105-5_2
Additional file 2 of Quantitative analysis of macroscopic solute transport in the murine brain
Ray, L., Pike, M. M., Simon, M. J., Iliff, J., & Heys, J. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17140756
Additional file 3 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604649
Additional file 4 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604652
Additional file 5 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604655
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597168
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597159
Additional file 2 of Intracranial pressure elevation alters CSF clearance pathways
Vinje, V., Eklund, A., Mardal, K.-A., Rognes, M. E., & Støverud, K.-H. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12144285
Additional file 7 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604661
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597156
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597162
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597153
Segeroth, M., Wachsmuth, L., Gagel, M., Albers, F., Heß, A., & Faber, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597165
Additional file 2 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604646
Additional file 1 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604643
Additional file 6 of Sizes and shapes of perivascular spaces surrounding murine pial arteries
Raicevic, N., Forer, J. M., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Du, T., Nedergaard, M., Kelley, D. H., & Boster, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26604658
- Authors
- Faghih, M. M., & Sharp, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sharp, M. Keith
- ORCID
- Sharp, M. Keith
- Venue
- Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
- Published
- 2018-06-15
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-17
- ISSN
- 2045-8118 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6003203
- OpenAlex
- W2807029080
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fluids and Barriers of the CNS (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- bulk flow, perivascular spaces, cerebrospinal fluid transport, interstitial fluid, lymphatic drainage, pressure-driven flow, brain parenchyma
- MeSH terms
- Basement Membrane, Blood Vessels, Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Humans, Models, Biological, Viscosity, Extracellular Fluid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
