Plaque-associated human microglia accumulate lipid droplets in a chimeric model of Alzheimer’s disease
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Background: Disease-associated microglia (DAMs), that surround beta-amyloid plaques, represent a transcriptionally-distinct microglial profile in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activation of DAMs is dependent on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in mouse models and the AD TREM2-R47H risk variant reduces microglial activation and plaque association in human carriers. Interestingly, TREM2 has also been identified as a microglial lipid-sensor, and recent data indicates lipid droplet accumulation in aged microglia, that is in turn associated with a dysfunctional proinflammatory phenotype. However, whether lipid droplets (LDs) are present in human microglia in AD and how the R47H mutation affects this remains unknown. Methods: To determine the impact of the TREM2 R47H mutation on human microglial function in vivo, we transplanted wild-type and isogenic TREM2-R47H iPSC-derived microglial progenitors into our recently developed chimeric Alzheimer mouse model. At 7 months of age scRNA-seq and histological analyses were performed. Results: Here we report that the transcriptome of human wild-type TREM2 and isogenic TREM2-R47H DAM xenografted microglia (xMGs), isolated from chimeric AD mice, closely resembles that of human atherosclerotic foam cells. In addition, much like foam cells, plaque-bound xMGs are highly enriched in lipid droplets. Somewhat surprisingly and in contrast to a recent in vitro study, TREM2-R47H mutant xMGs exhibit an overall reduction in the accumulation of lipid droplets in vivo. Notably, TREM2-R47H xMGs also show overall reduced reactivity to plaques, including diminished plaque-proximity, reduced CD9 expression, and lower secretion of plaque-associated APOE. Conclusions: Altogether, these results indicate lipid droplet accumulation occurs in human DAM xMGs in AD, but is reduced in TREM2-R47H DAM xMGs, as it occurs secondary to TREM2-mediated changes in plaque proximity and reactivity.
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TREM2 mutations impair microglial activation and reduce their ability to accumulate lipid droplets in the AD brain.
“Mutations affecting the TREM2 function impair microglial activation (37) and reduce their ability to accumulate LDs in the AD brain (38).”
From Reducing microglial lipid load enhances β amyloid phagocytosis in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
The Findings section (page unavailable) reports less total lipid-droplet area in TREM2-R47H microglia in chimeric AD mice, but explicitly says this reflects fewer plaque-associated microglia, not a reduced ability to form lipid droplets. It found no significant difference in the proportion of nearby microglia positive for the lipid-droplet marker PLIN2. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLDAM were also observed in chimaeric human-mouse Alzheimer's disease models.
“LDAM were also observed in chimaeric human–mouse AD models6.”
From APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer’s disease microglia (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Human iPSC-derived microglia were enriched in lipid droplets in a chimeric mouse model of AD.
“human iPSC-derived microglia were enriched in LDs in a chimeric mouse model of AD37”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Claes, C., Danhash, E. P., Hasselmann, J., Chadarevian, J. P., Shabestari, S. K., England, W. E., Lim, T. E., Hidalgo, J. L. S., Spitale, R. C., Davtyan, H., & Blurton-Jones, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Claes, Christel
- Blurton-Jones, Mathew
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Neurodegeneration
- Published
- 2021-07-23
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8305935
- OpenAlex
- W3184188306
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 11.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- BrightFocus Foundation (A2020451F)
- National Institutes of Health (AG048099, AG056303, AG061895)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, disease-associated microglia, lipid droplets, TREM2, amyloid plaques, chimeric mouse model, CD9, apoE secretion, microglial activation, foam cells
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Chimera, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Microglia, Mice, Heterografts, Lipid Droplets
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