TREM2 dependent and independent functions of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic and functional discoveries that have advanced our understanding of microglia reactivity to AD pathology. Given the heightened AD risk posed by rare variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), we will focus on the studies addressing the impact of this receptor on microglia responses to amyloid plaques, tauopathy and demyelination pathologies in mouse and human. Finally, we will discuss the implications of recent discoveries on microglia and TREM2 biology on potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Processing of TREM2 by γ-secretase generates soluble TREM2, which modulates microglial survival and activation in the AD context.
“Processing of TREM2 by γ -secretase generates soluble TREM2, which modulates microglial sur vival and activation in the AD context [14].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The Soluble TREM2 section (page unavailable) says that sTREM2 increased primary microglial survival in vitro and may trigger an independent signaling pathway. But it explicitly identifies ADAM10/17-mediated cleavage—not γ-secretase processing—as the process that generates sTREM2. It does not establish a direct effect of sTREM2 on microglial activation in AD. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTREM2 ligands include zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids, glycolipids, apoptotic cells, lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, APOE and APOJ/CLU, as well as Aβ.
“TREM2 ligands include zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids, glycolipids, apoptotic cells, lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, APOE and APOJ/CLU, as well as Aβ [30, 31].”
From Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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“These inconsistencies maybe caused by the heterogeneity of age, gender, and disease stage among study subjects and by the methodology used in sample processing [101, 102].”
MethodInhibition of IL-12/IL-23 signaling reduces Alzheimer's disease–like pathology and cognitive decline
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BackgroundDevelopment of a Chimeric Model to Study and Manipulate Human Microglia In Vivo
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“did not persist after 5xFAD microglia were exposed to wild-type (WT) organotypic hippocampal slice cultures for 5 days [88], suggesting that either the XO4-positive transcriptional program reverted upon digestion of internalized fAβ, or the original XO4-positive microglia died.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLoss of TREM2 function increases amyloid seeding but reduces plaque-associated ApoE
Parhizkar, S., Arzberger, T., Brendel, M., Kleinberger, G., Deußing, M., Focke, C., Nuscher, B., Xiong, M., Ghasemigharagoz, A., Katzmarski, N., et al. (2019) · doi:10.7892/boris.125653 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
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Self-citationCerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status
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TREM2 function impedes tau seeding in neuritic plaques
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Self-citationSYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease
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“These inconsistencies maybe caused by the heterogeneity of age, gender, and disease stage among study subjects and by the methodology used in sample processing [101, 102].”
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Self-citationCoding variants in TREM2 increase risk for Alzheimer's disease
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Interpretation of risk loci from genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer's disease
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Self-citationThe identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration
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Self-citationHumanized TREM2 mice reveal microglia-intrinsic and -extrinsic effects of R47H polymorphism
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Self-citationThe Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Binds Apolipoprotein E
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Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationApoE facilitates the microglial response to amyloid plaque pathology
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Self-citationTREM2 regulates microglial cell activation in response to demyelination in vivo
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Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted in mouse brain to study human disease
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Microglia facilitate loss of perineuronal nets in the Alzheimer's disease brain
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- Authors
- Hou, J., Chen, Y., Grajales-Reyes, G., & Colonna, M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Colonna, Marco
- Venue
- Molecular Neurodegeneration
- Published
- 2022-12-23
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-84
- ISSN
- 1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9783481
- OpenAlex
- W4312179313
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 23
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RF1 AG051485, R21 AG059176, RF1 AG059082)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- microglia, TREM2, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, tauopathy, demyelination, microglial activation, innate immunity, Alzheimer's disease therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microglia, Mice
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