Cited by 431Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Pathophysiologic relationship between Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk: A review and synthesis

Open access
Santos, Cláudia Y., Snyder, Peter J., Wu, Wen‐Chih, Zhang, Mia, Echeverria, Ana, Alber, Jessica·2017·Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring

Abstract

As the population ages due to demographic trends and gains in life expectancy, the incidence and prevalence of dementia increases, and the need to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of dementia becomes ever more urgent. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a complex disease, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. The more we learn about AD, the more questions are raised about our current conceptual models of disease. In the absence of a cure or the means by which to slow disease progress, it may be prudent to apply our current knowledge of the intersection between AD, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease to foster efforts to delay or slow the onset of AD. This review discusses our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of AD, the intersection between AD and vascular causes of dementia, and proposes future directions for research and prevention.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.01.005

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 234

  1. [1]Oeppen J. Vaupel J.W. Broken limits to life expectancy Science 296 2002 1029 1031 12004104
  2. [2]Christensen K. Doblhammer G. Rau R. Vaupel J.W. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead Lancet 374 2009 11196 11208 PMC2810516 19801098
  3. [5]van Norden A.G.W. van Dijk E.J. de Laat K.F. Scheltens P. OldeRikkert M.G.M. de Leeuw F.E. Dementia: Alzheimer pathology and vascular factors: From mutually exclusive to interaction Biochim Biophys Acta 1822 2012 340 349 21777675
  4. [6]Au R. Piers R.J. Lancashire L. Back to the future: Alzheimer’s disease heterogeneity revisited Alzheimer's Dement 1 2015 368 370 PMC4827150 27077132
  5. [7]Nygaard H.B. Current and emerging therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease Clin Ther 35 2013 1480 1489 24139420
  6. [10]Arvanitakis Z. Grodstein F. Bienias J.L. Schneider J.A. Wilson R.S. Kelly J.F. Relation of NSAIDs to incident AD, change in cognitive function, and AD pathology Neurol 70 2008 2219 2225 18519870
  7. [11]Leoutsakos J.M.S. Muthen B.O. Breitner J.C.S. Lyketsos C.G. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatments on cognitive decline vary by phase of pre-clinical Alzheimer disease: findings from the randomized controlled Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial Geriatr Psychiatry 27 2012 364 374 PMC3208130 21560159
  8. [12]Cummings J.L. Vinters H.V. Cole G.M. Khachaturian Z.S. Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities Neurol 51 1998 2 17 9674758
  9. [13]Henley D.B. Sundell K.L. Sethuraman G. Siemers E.R. Safety profile of Alzheimer’s disease populations in Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and other 18-month studies Alzheimers Dement 8 2012 407 416 22138370
  10. [15]Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer disease: identification of genes and gene mutations Eur Neurol 35 1995 8 19 7737252
  11. [16]Goate A. ChartierHarlin M. Mullan M. Brown J. Crawford F. Fidani L. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease Nature 349 1991 704 706 1671712
  12. [17]Sherrington R. Rogaev E.I. Liang Y. Rogaeva E.A. Levasque G. Ikeda M. Cloning of a gene bearing mis-sense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease Nature 375 1995 754 760 7596406
  13. [18]Levy-Lahad E. Wasco W. Poorkaj P. Romano D.M. Oshima J. Pettingell W.H. Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus Science 269 1995 973 977 7638622
  14. [19]Rogaev E.I. Sherrington R. Rogeava E.A. Levesque G. Ikeda M. Liang Y. Familial Alzheimer's disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene Nature 376 1995 775 778 7651536
  15. [20]Hardy J. Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer disease Trends Neurosci 20 1997 154 159 9106355
  16. [22]Lord J. Lu A.J. Cruchaga C. Identification of rare variants in Alzheimer's disease Front Genet 5 2014 369 25389433 PMC4211559
  17. [24]Corder E.H. Saunders A.M. Strittmatter W.J. Schmechel D.E. Gaskell P.C. Small G.W. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families Science 261 1993 921 923 8346443
  18. [27]Wang C. Yu J.T. Wang H.F. Jiang T. Tan C.C. Meng X.F. Meta-analysis of peripheral blood apolipoprotein E levels in Alzheimer's disease PLoS One 9 2014 e89041 24558469 PMC3928366
  19. [28]Rasmussen K.L. Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nordestgaard B.G. Frikke-Schmidt R. Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and risk of dementia in the general population Ann Neurol 77 2015 301 311 25469919
  20. [29]Mcllroy S.P. Dynan K.B. Lawson J.T. Patterson C.C. Passmore A.P. Moderate elevated plasma homocysteine, Methylenetrtrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype, and Risk for Stroke, Vascular Dementia, and Alzheimer Disease in Northern Ireland Stroke 33 2002 2351 2356 12364720
  21. [30]Mansoori N. Tripathi M. Luthra K. Alam R. Lakshmy R. Sharma S. MTHFR (677 and 1298) and IL-6-174 G/C genes in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia and their epistatic interaction Neurobiol Aging 33 2012 1003.e1 1003.e8 22015309
  22. [31]Andreassen O.A. Djurovic S. Thompson W.K. Schork A.J. Kendler K.S. O'Donovan M.C. Improved detection of common variants associated with schizophrenia by leveraging pleiotropy with cardiovascular-disease risk factors Am J Hum Genet 92 2013 197 209 23375658 PMC3567279
  23. [33]Desikan R.S. Schork A.J. Wang Y. Thompson W.K. Dehghan A. Ridker P.M. Inflammation Working G, International Genomics of Alzheimer's Disease P, DemGene I Polygenic overlap between C-reactive Protein, Plasma Lipids, and Alzheimer disease Circulation 131 2015 2061 2069 25862742 PMC4677995
  24. [34]Dawber T.R. Meadors G.F. Moore F.E. Jr. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the framingham study Am J Public Health Nations Health 41 1951 279 281 14819398 PMC1525365
  25. [35]Harrison S.L. Ding J. Tang E.Y. Siervo M. Robinson L. Jagger C. Cardiovascular disease risk models and longitudinal changes in cognition: a systematic review PLoS One 9 2014 e114431 25478916 PMC4257686
  26. [37]Glodzik L. Rusinek H. Brys M. Tsui W.H. Switalski R. Mosconi L. Framingham cardiovascular risk profile correlates with impaired hippocampal and cortical vasoreactivity to hypercapnia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31 2011 671 679 20842159 PMC3049521
  27. [38]Jefferson A.L. Hohman T.J. Liu D. Haj-Hassan S. Gifford K.A. Benson E.M. Adverse vascular risk is related to cognitive decline in older adults J Alzheimers Dis 44 2015 1361 1373 25471188 PMC4336578
  28. [39]Viticchi G. Falsetti L. Buratti L. Boria C. Luzzi S. Bartolini M. Framingham risk score can predict cognitive decline progression in Alzheimer's disease Neurobiol Aging 36 2015 2940 2945 26279114
  29. [40]Laughlin G.A. McEvoy L.K. von Mühlen D. Daniels L.B. Kritz-Silverstein D. Bergstrom J. Sex differences in the association of Framingham Cardiac Risk Score with cognitive decline in community-dwelling elders without clinical heart disease Psychosom Med 73 2011 683 689 21949428 PMC3188670
  30. [42]Kaffashian S. Dugravot A. Elbaz A. Shipley M.J. Sabia S. Kivimäki M. Predicting cognitive decline: a dementia risk score vs. the Framingham vascular risk scores Neurology 80 2013 1300 1306 23547265 PMC3656460
  31. [44]Kivipelto M. Ngandy T. Laatikainen T. Winblad B. Soininen H. Tuomilehto J. Risk Score for prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study Neurology 5 2006 735 741 16914401
  32. [45]Virta J.J. Heikkilä K. Perola M. Koskenvuo M. Räihä I. Rinne J.O. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and late cognitive impairment Eur J Epidemiol 28 2013 405 410 23532744
  33. [46]Exalto L.G. Quesenberry C.P. Barnes D. Kivipelto M. Biessels G.J. Whitmer R.A. Midlife risk score for the prediction of dementia four decades later Alzheimers Dement 10 2014 562 570 24035147
  34. [47]De Jong G.I. De Vos R.A. Steur E.N. Luiten P.G. Cerebrovascular hypoperfusion: a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease? Animal model and postmortem human studies Ann Ny Acad Sci 826 1997 56 74 9329681
  35. [48]Feke G.T. Hyman B.T. Stern R.A. Pasquale L.R. Retinal blood flow in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s Demen 1 2015 144 151 PMC4876882 27239502
  36. [51]Santos C.Y. Lim Y.Y. Wu W.C. Polynice S. Schindler R. Maruff P. Resting-State Cardiac Workload is related to both increased neocortical aggregation of β-Amyloid and relative impairment in spatial working memory in Pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease J Alzheimers Dis 50 2016 127 131 26639961
  37. [52]Skoog I. Lernfelt B. Landahl S. Palmertz B. Andreasson L.A. Nilsson L. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia Lancet 347 1996 1141 1145 8609748
  38. [53]Skoog I. Gustafson D. Update on hypertension and Alzheimer's disease Neurol Res 28 2006 605 611 16945211
  39. [54]Launer L.J. Ross G.W. Petrovitch H. Masaki K. Foley D. White L.R. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study Neurobiol Aging 21 2000 49 55 10794848
  40. [55]Kivipelto M. Helkala E.L. Laakso M.P. Hanninen T. Hallikainen M. Alhainen K. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study BMJ 322 2001 1447 1451 11408299 PMC32306
  41. [56]Ruitenberg A. Skoog I. Ott A. Aevarsson O. Witteman J.C. Lernfelt B. Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H-70 Study Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12 2001 33 39 11125239
  42. [58]Whitmer R.A. Gustafson D.R. Barrett-Connor E. Haan M.N. Gunderson E.P. Yaffe K. Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later Neurology 71 2008 1057 1064 18367704
  43. [61]Yasar S. Xia J. Yao W. Furberg C.D. Xue Q.L. Mercado C.I. Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease: ginkgo evaluation of memory study Neurology 81 2013 896 903 23911756 PMC3885216
  44. [62]Gelber R.P. Ross G.W. Petrovitch H. Masaki K.H. Launer L.J. White L.R. Antihypertensive medication use and risk of cognitive impairment: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Neurology 81 2013 888 895 23911753 PMC3885214
  45. [63]Soto M.E. Abellan van Kan G. Nourhashemi F. Gillette-Guyonnet S. Cesari M. Cantet C. Angiotestin converting enzyme inhibitors and Alzheimer's disease progression in older adults: results from the Reseau sur la Maladie d'Alzheimer Francais Cohort J Am Ger Soc 61 2013 1482 1484 24000874
  46. [64]Rosenberg P.B. Mielke M.M. Tschanz J. Cook L. Corcoran C. Hayden K.M. Effects of Cardiovascular Medications on Rate of Functional Decline in Alzheimer Disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 2008 883 892 18978249 PMC2676234
  47. [65]Verghese J. Lipton R.B. Katz M.J. Hall C.B. Derby C.A. Kuslansky G. Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly N Engl J Med 348 2003 2508 2516 12815136
  48. [66]Nilsson S.E. Read S. Berg S. Johansson B. Melander A. Lindblad U. Low systolic blood pressure is associated with impaired cognitive function in the oldest old: longitudinal observations in a population-based sample 80 years and older Aging Clin Exp Res 19 2007 41 47 17332720
  49. [67]Qiu C. Von Strauss E. Fastbom J. Winblad B. Fratiglioni L. Low blood pressure and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: a 6-year follow-up study Arch Neurol 60 2003 223 228 12580707
  50. [68]Kennelly S.P. Lawlor B.A. Kenny R.A. Blood pressure and dementia – a comprehensive review Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2 2009 241 260 21179532 PMC3002634
  51. [69]Björkhem I. Meaney S. Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 2004 806 815 14764421
  52. [70]Baum L. Wiebusch H. Pang C.P. Roles for lipoprotein lipase in Alzheimer's disease: an association study Microsc Res Tech 50 2000 291 296 10936883
  53. [71]Blain J.F. Aumont N. Théroux L. Dea D. Poirier J. A polymorphism in lipoprotein lipase affects the severity of Alzheimer's diseasepathophysiology Eur J Neurosci 24 2006 1245 1251 16965549
  54. [72]Xie C. Wang Z.C. Liu X.F. Yang M.S. The common biological basis for common complex diseases: evidence from lipoprotein lipase gene Eur J Hum Genet 18 2010 3 7 19639021 PMC2987160
  55. [73]Blain J.F. Poirier J. Cholesterol homeostasis and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease Expert Rev Neurother 4 2004 823 829 15853509
  56. [74]Kalaria R.N. Akinyemi R. Ihara M. Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes? J Neurol Sci 322 2012 141 147 22884479
  57. [75]Koudinov A.R. Koudinova N.V. Essential role for cholesterol in synaptic plasticity and neuronal degeneration FASEB J 15 2001 1858 1860 11481254
  58. [76]Mauch D.H. Nagler K. Schumacher S. Goritz C. Muller E.C. Otto A. CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol Science 294 2001 1354 1357 11701931
  59. [77]Snowdon D.A. Greiner L.H. Mortimer J.A. Riley K.P. Greiner P.A. Markesberry W.R. Brain infarction and clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease. The Nun Study JAMA 277 1997 813 817 9052711
  60. [78]Hofman A. Ott A. Breteler M.M.B. Bots M.L. Slooter A.J. van Harskamp F. Atheriosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study Lancet 349 1997 151 154 9111537
  61. [79]Eichner J.E. Dunn S.T. Perveen G. Thompson D.M. Stewart K.E. Stroehla B.C. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review Am J Epidemiol 155 2002 487 495 11882522
  62. [80]Notkola I.L. Sulkava R. Pekkanen J. Erkinjuntti T. Ehnholm C. Kivinen P. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease Neuroepidemiology 17 1998 14 20 9549720
  63. [81]Mielke M.M. Zandi P.P. Shao H. Waern M. Ostling S. Guo X. The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life Neurology 75 2010 1888 1895 21068429 PMC2995387
  64. [83]Wolozin B. Kellman W. Ruosseau P. Celesia G.G. Siegel G. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-metyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors Arch Neurol 57 2000 1439 1443 11030795
  65. [84]Li G. Larson E.B. SOnnen J.A. Shofer J.B. Petrie E.C. Schantz A. Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes in Azlheimer’s disease Neurology 69 2007 878 885 17724290
  66. [85]Jick H. Zornberg G.L. Jick S.S. Seshadri S. Drachman D.A. Statins and the risk of dementia Lancet 11 2000 1627 1631 11089820
  67. [86]Feldman H.H. Doody R.S. Kivipelto M. Sparks D.L. Waters D.D. Jones R.W. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe Neurology 74 2010 956 964 20200346
  68. [88]Biessels G.J. Staekenborg S. Brunner E. Brayne C. Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review Lancet Neurol 5 2006 64 74 16361024
  69. [89]Schilling M.A. Unraveling Alzheimer’s: Making Sense of the Relationship between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease J Alzheimer’s Dis 51 2016 961 977 26967215 PMC4927856
  70. [90]Carantoni M. Zuliani G. Munari M.R. D’Elia K. Palmieri E. Fellin R. Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: Relationships with fasting glucose and insulin levels Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 11 2000 176 178 10765049
  71. [91]Razay G. Wilcock G.K. Hyperinsulinemia andAlzheimer’s disease Age Ageing 23 1994 396 399 7825486
  72. [92]Fujisawa Y. Sasaki K. Akiyama K. Increased insulin levels after OGTT load in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type Biol Psychiatry 30 1991 1219 1228 1790263
  73. [93]Craft S. Baker L.D. Montine T.J. Minoshima S. Watson G.S. Claxton A. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment a pilot clinical trial Arch Neurol 69 2012 29 38 21911655 PMC3260944
  74. [94]Reger M.A. Watson G.S. Green P.S. Wilkinson C.W. Baker L.D. Cholerton B. Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates beta-amyloid in early AD Neurology 70 2008 440 448 17942819
  75. [95]Freiherr J. Hallschmid M. Frey W.H. II Bruenner Y.F. Chapman C.D. Hoelscher C. Intranasal Insulin as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of basic research and clinical evidence CNS Drugs 27 2013 505 514 23719722 PMC3709085
  76. [96]Talbot K. Wang H.-Y. Kazi H. Han L.-Y. Bakshi K.P. Stucky A. Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline J Clin Invest 122 2012 1316 1338 22476197 PMC3314463
  77. [97]de la Monte S.M. Type 3 diabetes is sporadic Alzheimer's disease: mini-review Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24 2014 1954 1960 25088942 PMC4444430
  78. [98]Ahmed S. Mahmood Z. Zahid S. Linking insulin with Alzheimer’s disease: emergence as type III diabetes Neurolog Sci 36 2015 1763 1769 26248483
  79. [99]Chatterjee S. Peters S.A. Woodward M. Mejia Arango S. Batty G.D. Beckett N. Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared With Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia Diabetes Care 39 2016 300 307 26681727 PMC4722942
  80. [100]Ott A. Stolk R.P. van Harskamp F. Pols H.A. Hofman A. Breteler M.M. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study Neurology 53 1999 1937 1942 10599761
  81. [101]Xu W.L. von Strauss E. Qiu C.X. Winblad B. Fratiglioni L. Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease Diabetologia 52 2009 1031 19280172
  82. [102]Ahtiluoto S. Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia: a population-based neuropathologic study Neurology 75 2010 13 20739645
  83. [103]Huang C.C. Chung C.M. Leu H.B. Lin L.Y. Chiu C.C. Hsu C.Y. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a nationwide population-based study PLoS ONE 9 2014 e87095 24489845 PMC3906115
  84. [104]Luchsinger J.A. Tang M.X. Shea S. Mayeux R. Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology 63 2004 1187 1192 15477536
  85. [106]Roses A.D. Saunders A.M. Lutz M.W. Zhang N. Hariri A.R. Asin K.E. New applications of disease genetics and pharmacogenetics to drug development Curr Opin Pharmacol 14 2014 81 89 24565016
  86. [107]Claxton A. Baker L.D. Hanson A. Trittschuh E.H. Cholerton B. Morgan A. Long-acting intranasal insulin detemir improves cognition for adults with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia J Alzheimers Dis 44 2015 897 906 25374101
  87. [108]Novak V. Milberg W. Hao Y. Munshi M. Novak P. Galica A. Enhancement of vasoreactivity and cognition by intranasal insulin in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 37 2014 751 759 24101698 PMC3931384
  88. [109]Hughes T.M. Craft S. The role of insulin in the vascular contributions to age-related dementia Biochim Biophys Acta 1862 2016 983 991 26657615
  89. [110]Scarmeas N. Luchsinger J.A. Schupf N. Brickman A.M. Cosentino S. Tang M.X. Physical Activity, Diet, and Risk of Alzheimer Disease JAMA 302 2009 627 637 19671904 PMC2765045
  90. [111]Morris M.C. Tangney C.C. Wang Y. Sacks F.M. Bennett D.A. Aggarwal N.T. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer Dement 11 2015 1007 1014 PMC4532650 25681666
  91. [113]Martins I.J. Hone E. Foster J.K. Sünram-Lea S.I. Gnjec A. Fuller S.J. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease Mol Psychiatry 11 2006 721 736 16786033
  92. [114]Gustafson D.R. Adiposity and cognitive decline: underlying mechanisms J Alzheimers Dis 30 Suppl 2 2012 S97 S112 22543853
  93. [115]Elias M.F. Elias P.K. Sullivan L.M. Wolf P.A. D’Agostino R.B. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham heart study Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 2003 260 268 12587008
  94. [116]Hayden K.M. Zandi P.P. Lyketsos C.G. Khachaturian A.S. Bastian L.A. Charoonruk G. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20 2006 93 100 16772744
  95. [117]Gustafson D. Rothenberg E. Blennow K. Steen B. Skoog I. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1524 1528 12860573
  96. [118]Anstey K.J. Cherbuin N. Budge M. Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies Obes Rev 12 2011 e426 e437 21348917
  97. [120]Luchsinger J.A. Patel B. Tang M.X. Schupf N. Mayeux R. Measures of adiposity and dementia risk in elderly persons Arch Neurol 64 2007 392 398 17353383 PMC1821350
  98. [122]Luepker R.V. Lakshminarayan K. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Oxford textbook Public Health Pract Public Health 3 2009 971 996
  99. [123]Baker L.D. Frank L.L. Foster-Schubert K. Green P.S. Wilkinson C.W. McTiernan A. Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 22 2010 569 579 20847403 PMC3049111
  100. [124]Cotman C.W. Berchtold N.C. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity Trends Neurosci 25 2002 295 301 12086747
  101. [125]Scarmeas N. Luchsinger J.A. Schupf N. Brickman A.M. Cosentino S. Tang M.X. Exercise plays a preventive role against Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 20 2010 777 783 20182027
  102. [126]Erickson K.I. Voss M.W. Prakash R.S. Basak C. Szabo A. Chaddock L. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A 198 2011 3017 3022 PMC3041121 21282661
  103. [128]Colcombe S.J. Erickson K.I. Raz N. Webb A.G. Cohen N.J. McAuley E. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 2003 176 180 12586857
  104. [129]Whiteman A. Young D.E. He X. Chen T.C. Wagenaar R.C. Stern C. Interaction between serum BDNF and aerobic fitness predicts recognition memory in healthy young adults Behav Brain Res 259 2014 302 312 24269495 PMC3991014
  105. [130]Yaffe K. Barnes D. Nevitt M. Lui L.Y. Covinsky K. A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk Arch Intern Med 161 2001 1703 1708 11485502
  106. [131]Podewils L.J. Guallar E. Kuller L.H. Fried L.P. Lopez O.L. Carlson M. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am J Epidemiol 161 2005 639 651 15781953
  107. [132]Larson E.B. Wang L. Bowen J.D. McCormick W.C. Teri L. Crane P. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older Ann Intern Med 144 2006 73 81 16418406
  108. [134]Papenberg G. Ferencz B. Mangialasche F. Mecocci P. Cecchetti R. Kalpouzos G. Physical activity and inflammation: effects on gray-matter volume and cognitive decline in aging Hum Brain Mapp 37 2016 3462 3473 27159568 PMC6867433
  109. [135]Groot C. Hooghiemstra A.M. Raijmakers P.G. van Berckel B.N. Scheltens P. Scherder E.J. The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials Ageing Res Rev 25 2016 13 23 26607411
  110. [137]Espeland M.A. Lipska K. Miller M.E. Rushing J. Cohen R.A. Verghese J. Investigators ftLS Effects of Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Function in Sedentary Adults With and Without Diabetes J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016 glw179 PMC6075086 27590629
  111. [138]Demeersman R.E. Heart-rate-variability and aerobic fitness Am Heart J 125 1993 726 731 8438702
  112. [139]Tulppo M.P. Mäkikallio T.H. Seppänen T. Laukkanen R.T. Huikuri H.V. Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 274 1998 424 429 9486244
  113. [140]Kemp A.H. Quintana D.S. The relationship between mental and physical health: insights from the study of heart rate variability Int J Psychophysiol 89 2013 288 296 23797149
  114. [141]Thayer J.F. Yamamoto S.S. Brosschot J.F. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors Int J Cardiol 141 2010 122 131 19910061
  115. [142]Dywan J. Mathewson K.J. Choma B.L. Rosenfeld B. Segalowitz S.J. Autonomic and electrophysiological correlates of emotional intensity in older and younger adults Psychophysiology 45 2008 389 397 18221446
  116. [143]Basile J.N. Bloch M.J. Determining the relative antihypertensive potency and relative cardiovascular risk reduction associated with different thiazide and thiazide-type diuretics JCH 15 2013 359 361 PMC8033913 23730981
  117. [144]Malacco E. Mancia G. Rappelli A. Menotti A. Zuccaro M.S. Coppini A. Shell Investigators Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension: the SHELL study results Blood Press 12 2013 160 167 12875478
  118. [145]Jamerson K. Weber M.A. Bakris G.L. Dahlöf B. Pitt B. Shi V. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients N Engl J Med 359 2008 2417 2428 19052124
  119. [146]Yusuf S. Teo K. Anderson C. Pogue J. Dyal L. Copland I. Effects of the angiotensin–receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial Lancet 372 2008 1174 1183 18757085
  120. [147]Tofler G.H. Spinaze M. Shaw E. Buckley T. Therapy for triggered acute risk prevention in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk Am J Cardiol 111 2013 1755 1758 23562382
  121. [148]Shaw E. Tofler G.H. Buckley T. Bajorek B. Ward M. Therapy for triggered acute risk prevention: a study of feasibility Heart Lung Circ 18 2009 347 352 19410513
  122. [149]Kendrick J. Shlipak M.G. Targher G. Cook T. Lindenfeld J. Chonchol M. Effect of Lovastatin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild CKD and kidney function loss: a post hoc analysis of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Am J Kid Dis 55 2010 42 49 19932541 PMC2803327
  123. [150]Tikkanen M.J. Fayyad R. Faergeman O. Olsson A.G. Wun C.C. Laskey R. IDEAL Investigators Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-to-moderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels Int J Cardiol 168 2013 3846 3852 24001698
  124. [151]Velentgas P. West W. Cannuscio C.C. Watson D.J. Walker A.M. Cardiovascular risk of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and other non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safe 15 2006 641 652 16392153
  125. [152]Roumie C.L. Choma N.N. Kaltenbach L. Mitchel E.F. Arbogast P.G. Griffin M.R. Non-aspirin NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and risk for cardiovascular events–stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and death from coronary heart disease Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safe 18 2009 1053 1063 19637402
  126. [153]Cederholm J. Zethelius B. Nilsson P.M. Eeg-Olofsson K. Eliasson B. Gudbjornsdottir S. Effect of tight control of HbA1c and blood pressure on cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) Diabetes Res Clin Pract 86 2009 74 81 19679369
  127. [155]Speretta G.F. Silva A.A. Vendramini R.C. Zanesco A. Delbin M.A. Menani J.V. Resistance training prevents the cardiovascular changes caused by high-fat diet Life Sci 146 2016 154 162 26776833
  128. [157]Dehghan M. Mente A. Teo K.K. Gao P. Sleight P. Dagenais G. Relationship between healthy diet and risk of cardiovascular disease among patients on drug therapies for secondary prevention Circulation 126 2012 2705 2712 23212996
  129. [159]Luchsinger J.A. Reitz C. Honig L.S. Tang M.X. Shea S. Mayeux R. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease Neurology 65 2005 545 551 16116114 PMC1619350
  130. [160]Peters R. Poulter R. Warner J. Beckett N. Burch L. Bulpitt C. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review BMC Geriatr 8 2008 36 19105840 PMC2642819
  131. [161]Cataldo J.K. Prochaska J.J. Glantz S.A. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation J Alzheimers Dis 19 2010 465 480 20110594 PMC2906761
  132. [162]Bazzano L.A. He J. Muntner P. Vupputuri S. Whelton P.K. Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States Ann Intern Med 138 2003 891 897 12779299
  133. [163]Hankey G.J. Eikelboom J.W. Homocysteine and vascular disease Lancet 354 1999 407 413 10437885
  134. [164]Sachdev P.S. Parslow R.A. Lux O. Salonikas C. Wen W. Naidoo D. Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample Psychol Med 35 2005 529 538 15856723
  135. [165]Seshadri S. Wolf P.A. Beiser A.S. Selhub J. Au R. Jacques P.F. Association of plasma total homocysteine levels with subclinical brain injury: cerebral volumes, white matter hyperintensity, and silent brain infarcts at volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in theFramingham Offspring Study Arch Neurol 65 2008 642 649 18474741 PMC2700952
  136. [167]Giunta B. Deng J. Jin J. Sadic E. Rum S. Zhou H. Evaluation of how cigarette smoke is a direct risk factor for Alzheimer's disease Technol Innov 14 2012 39 48 22997546 PMC3445032
  137. [168]Merchant C. Tang M.X. Albert S. Manly J. Stern Y. Mayeux R. The influence of smoking on the risk of Alzheimer's disease Neurology 52 1999 1408 1412 10227626
  138. [169]Anstey K.J. von Sanden C. Salim A. O'Kearney R. Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies Am J Epidemiol 166 2007 367 378 17573335
  139. [170]Barnes D.E. The projected impact of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence Lancet Neurol 10 2011 819 828 21775213 PMC3647614
  140. [171]Rapp M.A. Schnaider-Beeri M. Grossman H.T. Sano M. Perl D.P. Purohit D.P. Increased hippocampal plaques and tangles in patients with Alzheimer disease with a lifetime history of major depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 2006 161 167 16461859
  141. [172]Meeks T.W. Ropacki S.A. Jest D.V. The neurobiology of neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementia Curr Opin Psychiatry 19 2006 581 586 17012935
  142. [173]Snyder P.J. Pearn A.M. Historical note on Darwin’s consideration of early-onset dementia in older persons, thirty-six years before Alzheimer’s initial case report Alzheimer Dement 3 2007 137 142 19595928
  143. [174]Zweig Rm Ross C.A. Hedreen J.C. The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer’s disease Ann Neurol 24 1988 233 242 3178178
  144. [175]Zubenko G.S. Moosy J. Kopp U. Neurochemical correlates of major depression in primary dementia Arch Neurol 47 1990 209 214 1689144
  145. [176]Forstl H. Burns A. Luthert P. Clinical and neuropathological correlates of depression in Alzheimer’s disease Psychol Med 22 1992 877 884 1488485
  146. [177]Charlson F.J. Stapelberg N.J. Baxter A.J. Whiteford H.A. Should global burden of disease estimates include depression as a risk factor for coronary heart disease? BMC Med 9 2011 47 21539732 PMC3101124
  147. [178]Elderon L. Whooley M.A. Depression and cardiovascular disease Prog Cardiovasc Dis 55 2013 511 523 23621961
  148. [179]Panagiotakos D.B. Pitsavos C. Chrysohoou C. Kavouras S. Stefanadis C. The associations between leisure-time physical activity and inflammatory and coagulation markers related to cardiovascular disease: The attica study Prev Med 40 2005 432 437 15530595
  149. [180]Eastwood M.R. Rifat S.L. Nobbs H. Ruderman J. Mood disorder following cerebrovascular accident Br J Psych 154 1989 195 200 2528388
  150. [182]Flicker L. Martins R.N. Thomas J. Acres J. Taddei K. Norman P. Homocysteine, Alzheimer genes and proteins and measures of cognition and depression in older men J Alzheimers Dis 6 2004 329 336 15201487
  151. [183]Alonso R. Pisa D. Rabano A. Carrasco L. Alzheimer’s disease and disseminated mycoses Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33 2014 1125 1132 24452965
  152. [184]Pisa D. Alonso R. Rabano A. Rodal I. Carrasco L. Different brain regions are infected with fungi in Alzheimer’s disease Sci Rep 4 2015 15015 PMC4606562 26468932
  153. [185]Soscia S.J. Kirby J.E. Washicosky K.J. Tucker S.M. Ingelsson M. Hyman B. The Alzheimer's disease-associated Amyloid β-Protein is an Antimicrobial Peptide PLoS One 5 2010 9505 PMC2831066 20209079
  154. [186]Ciornei C.D. Tapper H. Bjartell A. Sternby N.H. Bodelsson M. Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is present in atherosclerotic plaques and induces death of vascular smooth muscle cells: a laboratory study BMC Cardiovasc Disord 6 2006 49 17181861 PMC1764755
  155. [187]Subasinghe S. Unabia S. Barrow C.J. Mok S.S. Aguilar M.I. Small D.H. Cholesterol is necessary both for the toxic effect of Abeta peptides on vascular smooth muscle cells and for Abeta binding to vascular smooth muscle cell membranes J Neurochem 84 2003 471 479 12558967
  156. [188]Miklossy J. Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer’s disease Expert Rev Mol Med 13 2011 30 34 21933454
  157. [189]Santos-Gallego C.G. Badimon J.J. The sum of two evils: pneumonia and myocardial infarction: is platelet activation the missing link? J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 1926 1928 25444148
  158. [191]Mordukhovich I. Coull B. Kloog I. Koutrakis P. Vokonas P. Schwartz J. Exposure to sub-chronic and long-term particulate air pollution and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort: the Normative Aging Study Environ Health 6 2015 87 PMC4636903 26546332
  159. [192]Brook R.D. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution Clin Sci 115 2008 175 187 18691154
  160. [193]Wu Y.C. Lin Y.C. Yu H.L. Chen J.H. Chen T.F. Sun Y. Association between air pollutants and dementia risk in the elderly Alzheimer Dement 1 2015 220 228 PMC4876896 27239507
  161. [194]Bostrom K. Hassler O. A pilot microradiological investigation on the occurrence of calcifications in various arteries of the human body J Gerontol 21 1966 97 102 5901663
  162. [195]Moody D.M. Brown W.R. Challa V.R. Anderson R.L. Periventricular venous collagenosis: association with leukoaraiosis Radiology 194 1995 469 476 7824728
  163. [197]Diemer N.H. Double-tracer study of the fine regional blood-brain barrier glucose transfer in the rat by computer-assisted autoradiography J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 1985 282 289 3988827
  164. [198]Grammas P. Sanchez A. Tripathy D. Luo E. Martinez J. Vascular signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease Cleve Clin J Med 78 2011 50 53 21972332
  165. [199]Marchant N.L. Reed B.R. Sanossian N. Madison C.M. Kriger S. Dhada R. The Aging brain and cognition: contribution of vascular injury and Aβ to mild cognitive dysfunction JAMA Neurol 70 2013 488 495 23400560 PMC3771392
  166. [200]Ikram M. Poels M. van der Lugt A. Hofman A. Krestin G. Breteler M. Cerebral microbleeds are associates with worse cognitive function: The Rotterdam Scan Study Alzheimer Dement 7 2011 296 22262748
  167. [201]Braaten A.J. Parsons T.D. McCue R. Sellers A. Burns W.J. Neurcognitive differential diagnosis of dementing disease Alzheimer’s dementia, Vascular dementia, Frontotemporal dementia and Major depressive disorder Intern J Neurosci 116 2006 1271 1293 17000529
  168. [204]Jellinger K.A. Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular pathology: an update J Neural Transm 109 2002 813 836 12111471
  169. [205]Chui H.C. Zheng L. Reed B.R. Vinters H.V. Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: are these risk factors for plaques and tangles or for concomitant vascular pathology that increases the likelihood of dementia? An evidence-based review Alzheimers Res Ther 4 2012 1 22182734 PMC3471388
  170. [206]Arvanitains Z. Capuano A.W. Leurgans S.E. Bennet D.A. Schneider J.A. Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer’s disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study Lancet Neurol 15 2016 934 943 27312738 PMC4969105
  171. [207]Jefferson A.L. Beiser A. Himali J. Seshadri S. O’Donnell C.J. Manning W. Low Cardiac Index is associated with incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: the Framingham Heart Study Alzheimer Dement 10 2014 678 PMC4398627 25700178
  172. [208]Carmichael O.T. Kuller L.H. Lopez O.L. Thompson P.M. Dutton R.A. Lu A. Ventricular volume and dementia progression in the Cardiovascular Health Study Neurbiol Aging 28 2007 389 397 PMC2866509 16504345
  173. [209]Guo X. Ostling S. Skoog I. Risk of Dementia is increased both before and after stroke Alzheimer Dement 10 2014 747 748 29936145
  174. [210]Mosley T.H. Knopman D.S. Catellier D.J. Bryan N. Hutchinson R.G. Grothues C.A. Cerebral MRI findings and cognitive functioning: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Neurology 64 2005 2056 2062 15985571
  175. [211]Vemuri P. Lesnick T.G. Przybelski S.A. Knopman D.S. Preboske G.M. Kantarci K. Vascular and amyloid pathologies are independent predictor of cognitive decline in normal elderly Brain 138 2015 761 771 25595145 PMC4339775
  176. [212]Ye B.S. Seo S.W. Kim G.H. Noh Y. Cho H. Yoon C.W. Amyloid burden, cerebrovascular disease, brain atrophy, and cognition in cognitively impaired patients Alzheimer Dement 11 2015 494 503 PMC5862069 25048578
  177. [216]Alzheimer A. Uber eigenartige Krankheitsfalle des spateren Alters. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1911;11:356-85.
  178. [218]Sperling R.A. Aisen P.S. Beckett L.A. Bennett D.A. Craft S. Fagan A.M. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer Dement 7 2011 280 292 PMC3220946 21514248
  179. [223]Hanlon C.S. Rubinsztein D.C. Arginine residues at codons 112 and 158 in the apolipoprotein E gene correspond to the ancestral state in humans Atherosclerosis 112 1995 85 90 7772071
  180. [224]Corbo R.M. Scacchi R. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a 'thrifty' allele? Ann Hum Genet 63 1999 301 310 10738542
  181. [225]Toledo J.B. Arnold S.E. Raible K. Brettschneider J. Xie S.X. Grossman M. Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative cases in the National Azlheimer’s Coordinating Centre Brain 136 2013 2697 2706 23842566 PMC3858112
  182. [226]Kaffashian S. Dugravot A. Nabi H. Batty G.D. Brunner E. Kivimäki M. Predictive utility of the Framingham general cardiovascular disease risk profile for cognitive function: evidence from the Whitehall II study Eur Heart J 32 2011 2326 2332 21606085 PMC3172575
  183. [227]Stukas S. Robert J. Wellington C.L. High-density lipoproteins and cerebrovascular integrity in Alzheimer’s disease Cell Metab 19 2014 574 591 24508505
  184. [228]Berman S.E. Rivera-Rivera L.A. Clark L.R. Racine A.N. Keevil J.G. Bratzke L.C. Intracranial arterial 4D-flow is associated with metrics of brain health and Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer Dement 1 2015 420 428 PMC4674833 26693176
  185. [229]Suri S. Mackay C.E. Kelly M.E. Germuska M. Tunbridge E.M. Frisoni G.B. Reduced cerebrovascular reactivity in young adults carrying the APOE Ɛ4 allele Alzheimer Dement 11 2015 648 657 25160043
  186. [230]Sabayan B. Jansen S. Oleksik A.M. van Osch M.J.P. van Buchem M.A. van Vliet P. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: A meta-analysis of transcranial Doppler studies Ageing Res Rev 11 2012 271 277 22226802
  187. [231]Austin S.A. Santhanam A.V. Hinton D.J. Choi D.S. Katusic Z.S. Endothelial nitric oxide deficiency promotes Alzheimer’s disease pathology J Neurochem 127 2013 691 700 23745722 PMC3825764
  188. [232]Katusic Z.S. Austin S.A. Endothelial nitric oxide: protector of a healthy mind Eur Heart J 35 2014 888 894 24357508 PMC3977136
  189. [233]Atochin D.N. Huang P.L. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase transgenic models of endothelial dysfunction Pflugers Arch 460 2010 965 974 20697735 PMC2975487
  190. [236]Hardy J.A. Higgins G.A. Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis Science 256 1992 184 185 1566067
  191. [237]Patterson B.W. Elbert D.L. Mawuenyega K.G. Kasten T. Ovod V. Ma S. Age and amyloid effects on human central nervous system amyloid-beta kinetics Ann Neurol 78 2015 439 453 26040676 PMC4546566
  192. [238]Yau W.Y.W. Tudorascu D.L. McDade E.M. Ikonomovic S. James J.A. Minhas D. Longitudinal assessment of neuroimaging and clinical markers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective cohort study Lancet Neurol 14 2015 804 813 26139022 PMC4519011
  193. [239]Blennow K. Wallin A. Fredman P.K. Gottfries C.G. Svennerholm L. Blood-brain barrier disturbance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is related to vascular factors Acta Neurol Scand 81 1990 323 326 2360400
  194. [240]Keable A. Fenna K. Yuen H.M. Johnston D.A. Smyth N.R. Smith C. Deposition of amyloid β in the walls of human leptomeningeal arteries in relation to perivascular drainage pathways in cerebral amyloid angiopathy Biochim Biophys Acta 1862 2016 1037 1046 26327684 PMC4827375
  195. [241]Sudduth T.L. Weekman E.M. Brothers H.M. Braun K. Wilcock D.M. β-amyloid deposition is shifted to the vasculature and memory impairment is exacerbated when hyperhomocysteinemia is induced in APP/PS1 transgenic mice Alzheimers Res Ther 6 2014 32 24991237 PMC4078260
  196. [242]Suo Z. Humphrey J. Kundtz A. Sethi F. Placzek A. Crawford F. Soluble Alzheimers β-amyloid constricts the cerebral vasculature in vivo Neurosci Lett 257 1998 77 80 9865931
  197. [243]Miao J. Xu F. Davis J. Holler I.O. Verbeek M.M. Nostrand W.E.V. Cerebral microvascular amyloidβ protein deposition induces vascular degeneration and neuroinflammation in transgenic mice expressing human vasculotropic mutant amyloidβ precursor protein Am J Pathol 167 2005 505 515 16049335 PMC1603574
  198. [245]O’Rourke M.F. Safar M.E. Dzau V. The cardiovascular continuum extended aging effects on the aorta and microvasculature Vas Med 15 2010 461 468 21056945
  199. [246]Hughes T.M. Craft S. Lopez O.L. Review of the potential role of arterial stiffness in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease Neurodegener Dis Manag 5 2015 121 135 25894876 PMC4423756
  200. [247]Henry-Feugeas M.C. Roy C. Shouman-Claeys W. Leukoaraiosis and pulse-wave encephalopathy: obstervations wit phase-contrast MRI in mild cognitive impairment J Neuroradiol 36 2009 212 218 19250677

200 of 234 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Santos, C. Y., Snyder, P. J., Wu, W., Zhang, M., Echeverria, A., & Alber, J.
Affiliations
  • Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital Providence RI USA
  • University of Rhode Island (US)
  • Brown University (US)
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (PR)
Corresponding author
Alber, Jessica
Venue
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-01
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
69-87
ISSN
2352-8729 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2586334933
Cited by
431
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 20 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
7.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular risk, vascular dementia, dementia pathophysiology, dementia epidemiology, dementia genetics, cardiovascular disease, dementia prevention, population aging

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review