An integrative Raman microscopy-based workflow for rapid in situ analysis of microalgal lipid bodies
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BACKGROUND: Oils and bioproducts extracted from cultivated algae can be used as sustainable feedstock for fuels, nutritional supplements, and other bio-based products. Discovery and isolation of new algal species and their subsequent optimization are needed to achieve economical feasibility for industrial applications. Here we describe and validate a workflow for in situ analysis of algal lipids through confocal Raman microscopy. We demonstrate its effectiveness to characterize lipid content of algal strains isolated from the environment as well as algal cells screened for increased lipid accumulation through UV mutagenesis combined with Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). RESULTS: To establish and validate our workflow, we refined an existing Raman platform to obtain better discrimination in chain length and saturation of lipids through ratiometric analyses of mixed fatty acid lipid standards. Raman experiments were performed using two different excitation lasers (λ = 532 and 785 nm), with close agreement observed between values obtained using each laser. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments validated the obtained Raman spectroscopic results. To demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of the improved Raman platform, we carried out bioprospecting for algal species from soil and marine environments in both temperate and subtropical geographies to obtain algal isolates from varied environments. Further, we carried out two rounds of mutagenesis screens on the green algal model species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to obtain cells with increased lipid content. Analyses on both environmental isolates and screened cells were conducted which determined their respective lipids. Different saturation states among the isolates as well as the screened C. reinhardtii strains were observed. The latter indicated the presence of cell-to cell variations among cells grown under identical condition. In contrast, non-mutagenized C. reinhardtii cells showed no significant heterogeneity in lipid content. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the utility of confocal Raman microscopy for lipid analysis on novel aquatic and soil microalgal isolates and for characterization of lipid-expressing cells obtained in a mutagenesis screen. Raman microscopy enables quantitative determination of the unsaturation level and chain lengths of microalgal lipids, which are key parameters in selection and engineering of microalgae for optimal production of biofuels.
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Prior photobleaching reduces the chlorophyll fluorescence contribution, but artefacts can potentially be introduced by this process.
“Although prior photobleaching reduces its contribution19, artefacts can potentially be introduced by this process.”
From Label-free in vivo analysis of intracellular lipid droplets in the oleaginous microalga Monoraphidium neglectum by coherent Raman scattering microscopy (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Raman spectroscopy has value in assessing the degree of unsaturation in lipids.
“Raman spectroscopy has been shown to have value in assessing the degree of unsaturation in lipids [35 -39].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The weak intensity of the UFA bands in comparison to the SFA band (~1440 cm-1) indicates that these two microalgae are rich in saturated fatty acids.
“The weak intensity of these bands in comparison to the SFA band (~1440 cm -1 ) indicates that these two microalgae are rich in saturated fatty acids [36,38,60].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
Because the unsaturation bands were weaker than the saturated fatty acid band near 1440 cm-1, the three microalgae appear rich in saturated fatty acids.
“However, the smaller intensity of these bands in comparison to the saturated fatty acids at ~1440 cm -1 indicate that these three microalgae are rich with saturated fatty acids, and confirms the potential of these microalgae to be a good source for biodiesel.[34,36,38].”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
The three microalgae are potentially a good biodiesel feedstock.
“However, the smaller intensity of these bands in comparison to the saturated fatty acids at ~1440 cm -1 indicate that these three microalgae are rich with saturated fatty acids, and confirms the potential of these microalgae to be a good source for biodiesel.[34,36,38].”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Sharma, S. K., Nelson, D. R., Abdrabu, R., Khraiwesh, B., Jijakli, K., Arnoux, M., O’Connor, M. J., Bahmani, T., Cai, H., Khapli, S., Jagannathan, R., & Salehi-Ashtiani, K.
- Affiliations
- New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
- Corresponding author
- Khapli, Sachin
- Jagannathan, Ramesh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biotechnology for Biofuels
- Published
- 2015-10-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 164-164
- ISSN
- 1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4595058
- OpenAlex
- W2108977820
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- New York University Abu Dhabi Institute (G1205)
- NYUAD Faculty Research Funds (AD060, VP012)
- NYUAD Research Enhancement Fund (AD060)
- VP012 (AD008)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- confocal Raman microscopy, fatty acid chain length, lipid saturation, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, lipid accumulation, biofuel feedstock
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