The influence of age, sex, and exercise on autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Aging decreases skeletal muscle mass and quality. Maintenance of healthy muscle is regulated by a balance between protein and organellar synthesis and their degradation. The autophagy-lysosome system is responsible for the selective degradation of protein aggregates and organelles, such as mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy). Little data exist on the independent and combined influence of age, biological sex, and exercise on the autophagy system and lysosome biogenesis. The purpose of this study was to characterize sex differences in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis in young and aged muscle and to determine if acute exercise influences these processes. METHODS: Young (4-6 months) and aged (22-24 months) male and female mice were assigned to a sedentary or an acute exercise group. Mitochondrial content, the autophagy-lysosome system, and mitophagy were measured via protein analysis. A TFEB-promoter-construct was utilized to examine Tfeb transcription, and nuclear-cytosolic fractions allowed us to examine TFEB localization in sedentary and exercised muscle with age and sex. RESULTS: Our results indicate that female mice, both young and old, had more mitochondrial protein than age-matched males. However, mitochondria in the muscle of females had a reduced respiratory capacity. Mitochondrial content was only reduced with age in the male cohort. Young female mice had a greater abundance of autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosome proteins than young males; however, increases were evident with age irrespective of sex. Young sedentary female mice had indices of greater autophagosomal turnover than male counterparts. Exhaustive exercise was able to stimulate autophagic clearance solely in young male mice. Similarly, nuclear TFEB protein was enhanced to a greater extent in young male, compared to young female mice following exercise, but no changes were observed in aged mice. Finally, TFEB-promoter activity was upregulated following exercise in both young and aged muscle. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that biological sex influences mitochondrial homeostasis, the autophagy-lysosome system, and mitophagy in skeletal muscle with age. Furthermore, our data suggest that young male mice have a more profound ability to activate these processes with exercise than in the other groups. Ultimately, this may contribute to a greater remodeling of muscle in response to exercise training in males.
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A decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscle can trigger TFEB expression.
“There are several reports indicating that a decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscle can trigger TFEB expression (Triolo, Oliveira, et al., 2022; Triolo, Slavin, et al., 2022).”
From Autophagy gene expression in skeletal muscle of older individuals is associated with physical performance, muscle volume and mitochondrial function in the study of muscle, mobility and aging ( <scp>SOMMA</scp> ) (2024) · cites this paper as Triolo, Oliveira, et al., 2022
Sex differences in mitochondria include mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, susceptibility to mPTP opening, and cell apoptosis.
“Other aspects of sex differences in mitochondria in different tissues include mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, susceptibility to mPTP opening, and cell apoptosis (111–113).”
From From mitochondria to sarcopenia: role of 17β-estradiol and testosterone (2023) · cites this paper as [112]
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BackgroundSelf-citationMolecular basis for an attenuated mitochondrial adaptive plasticity in aged skeletal muscle
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“Supportively, others have found that young female muscle contains greater mitochondrial content [34, 47, 48] and is more fatigue-resistant [49–51].”
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“In conjunction with a less p62 protein, which is degraded by lysosome proteolysis, this suggests a higher basal autophagic breakdown in our young female, compared to our young male cohort, similar to a previous report [56].”
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“We have also shown that in both denervation-induced muscle atrophy [55] and aging muscle [22], mitochondrial functional impairments are correlated with a greater abundance of autophagy and lysosome proteins, which is in part driven by greater TFEB protein.”
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“It should be noted that although our measures of autophagy do not directly indicate true autophagic flux, we have recently reported that reductions in p62 in skeletal muscle are strongly correlated with elevated autophagy flux [61].”
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“This is problematic when we consider that physical inactivity rates are greater in those that are older, potentiating the negative effects of age on overall health [6–8].”
BackgroundSpecific attenuation of protein kinase phosphorylation in muscle with a high mitochondrial content
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“We hypothesized that the muscle from aged animals would exhibit a blunted lysosome biosynthetic pathway due to attenuated kinase signaling [62, 63].”
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“Recently, it was reported that female mice had enhanced catabolic and autophagy signaling in response to hindlimb unloading [32, 33].”
BackgroundRegulation of the autophagy system during chronic contractile activity-induced muscle adaptations
Kim, Y., & Hood, D. A. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13307 · Cited by 40 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Previous reports from our group have indicated that acute exercise initiates lysosome biogenesis [26] and that chronic muscle activity elevates lysosome protein content [30, 40] in young, healthy muscle.”
BackgroundSelf-citationActivating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice
Rocchi, A., & He, C. (2017) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/55099 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Acute endurance exercise is a stimulus for autophago-somal turnover in young muscle [19, 59, 60].”
BackgroundMitochondrial breakdown in skeletal muscle and the emerging role of the lysosomes
Triolo, M., & Hood, D. A. (2018) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, Y., Triolo, M., Erlich, A. T., & Hood, D. A. (2018) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2225-x · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous reports from our group have indicated that acute exercise initiates lysosome biogenesis [26] and that chronic muscle activity elevates lysosome protein content [30, 40] in young, healthy muscle.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSex differences in forkhead box O3a signaling response to hindlimb unloading in rat soleus muscle
Yoshihara, T., Natsume, T., Tsuzuki, T., Chang, S.-W., Kakigi, R., Sugiura, T., & Naıto, H. (2018) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12576-018-0640-6 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although it has been previously reported that female rodents have greater loss of muscle mass with hindlimb unloading [32, 33, 46], our data show that this sexual dimorphism does not occur with aging.”
BackgroundPiekarski, A., Khaldi, S., Greene, E., Lassiter, K., Mason, J. G., Anthony, N. B., Bottje, W. G., & Dridi, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112449 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Altering aspects of mitochondrial quality to improve musculoskeletal outcomes in disuse atrophy
Rosa‐Caldwell, M. E., Lim, S., Haynie, W. S., Jansen, L. T., Westervelt, L. C., Amos, M. G., Washington, T. A., & Greene, N. P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2020 · Cited by 28 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Recently, it was reported that female mice had enhanced catabolic and autophagy signaling in response to hindlimb unloading [32, 33].”
BackgroundAge-Related Maintenance of the Autophagy-Lysosomal System Is Dependent on Skeletal Muscle Type
Fernando, R., Castro, J. P., Flore, T., Deubel, S., Grune, T., & Ott, C. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/4908162 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, the greater abundance of lyso-some protein reported previously [22, 58] and in the pre-sent study may be evidence of dysfunctional lysosomes that may limit the capacity for autophagic and mitophagic breakdown.”
Background
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [39]Hood DA Memme JM Oliveira AN Triolo M Maintenance of skeletal muscle mitochondria in health, exercise, aging Annu Rev Physiol 2019 81 19 41 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310 30216742 · DOI · Paper page
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Sorted by citations
Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging
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“In young mice, females normally have higher mitochondrial content than males (67), which is related to a higher number of oxidative fibers (68) and a predominant role of fat oxidation to produce ATP (69); with aging, the declines in mitochondrial content and OXPHOS complexes has been mainly…”
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“Furthermore, autophagy decreases with age together with multiple diseases while improving muscle function [107,123]; the hypothesis being that old HNGtreated mice are able to maintain their autophagy process better than the control group, thus improving mitochondrial and protein quality.”
BackgroundThe Role of Mitochondria in Mediation of Skeletal Muscle Repair
Alway, S. E., Paez, H. G., & Pitzer, C. R. (2023) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles2020011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Exercise-driven cellular autophagy: A bridge to systematic wellness
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Regulation of lysosomes in skeletal muscle during exercise, disuse and aging
Moradi, N., Sanfrancesco, V. C., Champsi, S., & Hood, D. A. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Picca, A., Triolo, M., Wohlgemuth, S. E., Martenson, M. S., Mankowski, R. T., Anton, S. D., Marzetti, E., Leeuwenburgh, C., & Hood, D. A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12010183 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“contrast to what has been observed in preclinical models [24,44], in our study, the protein content of the lysosomal mediators TFEB, vATPase, and LAMP1 was not different between age groups (Figure 2).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationUngvari, A., Gulej, R., Patai, R., Papp, Z., Tóth, A., Szabó, A. Á., Podesser, B. K., Sótonyi, P., Benyó, Z., Yabluchanskiy, A., et al. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01489-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Autophagy exhibits notable sex differences, particularly influenced by hormonal regulation [244–248].”
Defective mitochondrial quality control in the aging of skeletal muscle
Marzetti, E., Calvani, R., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Landi, F., & Picca, A. (2025) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2025.112112 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons
Emmert, M. E., Emmert, A. S., Goh, Q., & Cornwall, R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00529.2023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Exercise against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Possible role and mechanism of lipophagy
Su, P., Chen, J., & Tang, D. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121837 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The contribution of mitochondria to age-related skeletal muscle wasting: A sex-specific perspective
Nuccio, A., Nogueira‐Ferreira, R., Moreira‐Pais, A., Attanzio, A., Duarte, J. A., Luparello, C., & Ferreira, R. M. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122324 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Morales-Scholz, M. G., Wette, S. G., Stokie, J. R., Tepper, B. T., Swinton, C., Hamilton, D. L., Dwyer, K. M., Murphy, R. M., Howlett, K. F., & Shaw, C. S. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Qu, X., Pan, P., Cao, S., Ma, Y., Yang, J., Gao, H., Pei, X., & Yang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Then, the mitophagy/lysosome degradation system was activated to maintain mitochondrial proteostasis and mitochondrial homeostasis by clearing protein aggregates and organelles, such as mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy) [40].”
MethodCoen, P. M., Huo, Z., Tranah, G. J., Barnes, H. N., Zhang, X., Wolff, C. A., Wu, K., Cawthon, P. M., Hepple, R. T., Toledo, F. G. S., et al. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14118 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“There are several reports indicating that a decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscle can trigger TFEB expression (Triolo, Oliveira, et al., 2022; Triolo, Slavin, et al., 2022 ).”
BackgroundAge and sex-specific changes in mitochondrial quality control in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Springer, C. B., Ogbara, O., Silva, M. C. D., Henderson, A., Liu, Y., Prior, S. J., & Kuzmiak‐Glancy, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2025.1606110 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Khemraj, P., Kuznyetsova, A., & Hood, D. A. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101049 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationZampieri, S., Narici, M. V., Gargiulo, P., & Carraro, U. (2023) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2023.11247 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Denervation induces mitochondrial decline and exacerbates lysosome dysfunction in middle-aged mice
Triolo, M., Bhattacharya, D., & Hood, D. A. (2022) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204365 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Oliveira, A. N., Memme, J. M., Wong, J., & Hood, D. A. (2024) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-024-00339-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Increases in the expression of lysosomal markers are seen with denervation, as are the regulators TFEB and TFE3, indicating a greater need for lysosomal activity [37].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPinto, A., Haytural, H., Loss, C. M., Álvarez, C., Ertas, A., Curtis, O., Williams, A. R., Murphy, G., Salleng, K. J., Gografe, S., et al. (2025) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70242 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exercise regulates mitophagy to alleviate parkinsonian neurodegeneration
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The role of TFE3 in mediating skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training
Wong, J. C., Oliveira, A. N., Khemraj, P., & Hood, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00484.2023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“Male skeletal muscle also exhibits increased nuclear localization of TFEB, an essential transcription factor (72).”
McCormick, J. J., Goulet, N., King, K. E., Fujii, N., Amano, T., & Kenny, G. P. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mitophagy in skeletal muscle: Impact of ageing, exercise and disuse
Kuznyetsova, A., & Hood, D. A. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep093041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Prohibitins as Guardians of mitochondrial homeostasis
Champsi, S., & Hood, D. A. (2025) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2025.102075 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCooke, D., & Ables, G. P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47676-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, aged mice have lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory activity than young mice 13 .”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, C., Ou, M., ZHENG, G., Jiang, G., Hu, X., & Jiang, Y. (2026) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.01.018 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yee, E. M., Hauser, C. T., Petrocelli, J. J., de Hart, N. M. M. P., Ferrara, P. J., Bombyck, P., Fennel, Z. J., van Onselen, L., Mookerjee, S., Funai, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1263500 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acheson, J., Joanisse, S., Sale, C., & Hodson, N. W. (2024) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20240137 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In fact, many studies have confirmed that autophagic flux is upregulated in rodents following exercise without significant eccentric strain, i.e . uphill running and swimming [223–225], which is perhaps unsurprising considering autophagy’s role in mitochondrial remodeling [226].”
Normand‐Gravier, T., Solsona, R., Arnould, F., Deriaz, R., Bertrand‐Gaday, C., Borrani, F., Bernardi, H., & Sanchez, A. M. J. (2025) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104169 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Resilience of the mitochondrial reticulum in aging
Leija, R. G., Vázquez‐Medina, J. P., & Brooks, G. A. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“Another study in mice, which were assigned to different physical exercises, show that both biological sex and age of the animals impact the autophagy–lysosome system, with young female mice displaying greater abundance of autophagy and lysosome proteins than young males [84].”
BackgroundNovel Insights to Mitochondrial Impact in Aging Skeletal Muscle
Semel, M. G., Lukasiewicz, C. J., & Hepple, R. T. (2025) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000364 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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C9ORF72 Is Pivotal to Maintain a Proper Protein Homeostasis in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Sironi, F. M., Parlanti, P., Margotta, C., Cassarà, J., Bonetto, V., Bendotti, C., Tortarolo, M., & Cappello, V. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14221765 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This process, together with mitochondrial biogenesis, is essential for maintaining healthy and functioning muscle fibers [36].”
ATF5 is required for the normal stress response during skeletal muscle denervation
Kuthe, J., & Hood, D. A. (2026) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2026.01.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“41,51 To further explore these phenomena, we investigated whether the absence of ATF5 would have a differential impact on various UPR mt markers and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of male and female WT and ATF5 KO mice in the presence of denervation.”
Self-citationAzim, M. M. N., Lee, Y. K., Alam, M. J., Kim, J., & Park, J. H. (2026) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119441 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mitochondrial quality control in exercise-mitigated muscular atrophy
Fan, J., Wen, X., Duan, X., Zhu, X., Bai, J., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2025.102074 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Lin, C.-H., Chang, P., Yang, J.-J., Chang, G., & Chen, C. (2026) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2026.100951 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Female mice were chosen because they experience a greater decline in muscle mass and function with aging than male mice [19,20].”
Zelada, D., Bermedo‐García, F., Mella, J., Olguín, H. C., & Henríquez, J. P. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09816-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Given that denervation enhances lysosomal activity in muscle fi bers 59 – 61 and upregulates the expression of TFEB and TFE3 62 , master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, it is plausible that adegradativenicheformsbeneathpostsynapticstructures.”
Organellar insights in ageing and longevity
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“Exercise has also been shown to promote lysosomal biogenesis and improve deg-radative capacity 159 , as well as alleviate the UPR ER caused by insulin resistance 160 .”
Sex differences in mitochondrial function in aging mouse skeletal muscle
Holcom, A., Liao, A., Holden, K. G., Bronikowski, A. M., & Webb, A. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1824237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The epigenetic landscape of skeletal muscle in response to exercise and aging
Champsi, S., & Hood, D. A. (2026) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.70591 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTemp, J., Strässler, E. T., Freitag, J., Wu, H., Haritonow, N., Landmesser, U., Podzniakova, S., & Barcena, M. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1903774 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These fi ndings are in line with previous work showing that mitochondrial function and autophagy exhibit sex differences (38, 40, 41), with female cells often showing greater reliance on mitochondrial quality control pathways and a differential response to metabolic stressors (40).”
2023 Padua Days of Muscle and Mobility Medicine: post-meeting Book of Abstracts
Zampieri, S., Bersch, I., Kern, H., Šarabon, N., Rosati, R., LeBrasseur, N. K., Leeuwenburg, C., & Carraro, U. (2023) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2023.11427 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Mitochondrial content has been shown to be reduced with age in male but not female cohorts 38 and PINK1, a kinase involved in stress-induced mitophagy, had a 75% higher expression in old male than female rats 39 .”
Exercise regulates TFEB expression to influence body metabolism
Li, J. (2023) · International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences · doi:10.54097/ijbls.v2i1.5223
Focus on the Forgotten Organelle: Regulation of Lysosomes in Skeletal Muscle
Moradi, N., Kuznyetsova, A., Sanfrancesco, V. C., Champsi, S., & Hood, D. A. (2025) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000358
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Abstract 054 | Attenuating the lysosomal phenotype in aged muscle with training and sulforaphane
Kuznyetsova, A. (2026) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2026.15053
Let's consider sex contextualism within sex-aware preclinical pharmacological research
Franconi, F., Brancaleone, V., Campesi, I., Cattaneo, M. G., Fattore, L., Genazzani, A. A., Morgese, M. G., Rossi, A., & Trabace, L. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178804
Lysosomal defects in Duchenne muscular dystrophy : advancing combined therapeutic approaches
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Exercise-induced lysosomal adaptations in skeletal muscle
Kuznyetsova, A., & Hood, D. A. (2026) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2026.06.001
“36 In trained muscle, there is a higher basal level of Parkin, an essential protein for mitophagy, likely leading to a more responsive mitophagy response when required, resulting in a healthier mitochondrial pool.”
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“In contrast, exercise has been shown to improve autophagic flux in skeletal muscle, as evidenced by increased lysosomal activity and reduced p62 protein expression, indicating more efficient autophago-some clearance [36 – 38].”
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Epigenetics and metabolic memory
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Bhattacharya, D., Moradi, N., & Hood, D. A. (2026) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.70231
“However, ageing muscle also displays morphologic features that suggest that lysosome function is impaired (O'Leary et al. 2013; Triolo et al. 2022a).”
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- Authors
- Triolo, M., Oliveira, A. N., Kumari, R., & Hood, D. A.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hood, David A.
- Venue
- Skeletal Muscle
- Published
- 2022-06-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-13
- ISSN
- 2044-5040 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9188089
- OpenAlex
- W4282928367
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Skeletal Muscle (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (38462)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (156059)
- Canada Research Chairs (950-231304)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- autophagy, mitophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, skeletal muscle aging, sex differences, physical activity, TFEB, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, autophagy-lysosome system, muscle quality
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Female, Humans, Lysosomes, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice, Mitophagy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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