The effect of fear of missing out on mental health: differences in different solitude behaviors
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Depression, anxiety, and stress are the main issues that affect the mental health of individuals. Solitude behavior, fear of missing out, and mental health are all closely related. Objective: This study was intended to investigate the relationship between solitude behavior, fear of missing out, and mental health. Methods: Short Form of Solitude Behavior Scale, Fear of Missing Out scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 were employed in this study to investigate 616 college students. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 for basic data organization, and Mplus 8.3 was used to complete the analysis of the mediation model. Results: (1) Positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity and negatively related to loneliness; social avoidance positively correlated with eccentricity and loneliness. (2) Social avoidance and loneliness affected mental health through the mediating effect of fear of missing out, whereas positive solitude and eccentricity did not affect mental health through fear of missing out. Moreover, the results still held in the model with depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables. Conclusion: The roles of different solitude behavior in the relationship between fear of missing out and mental health differed. Social avoidance and loneliness as not self-determined solitude could activate the fear of missing out, which could affect mental health.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study examined how four solitude behaviors relate to fear of missing out (FoMO) and mental health in Chinese college students. It found that non-self-determined solitude—social avoidance and loneliness—was linked to poorer mental health through FoMO, whereas self-determined solitude—positive solitude and eccentricity—was not.
Key findings
- Among 616 college/graduate students, FoMO was positively correlated with mental health problems: depression, anxiety, and stress. Social avoidance and loneliness were also positively correlated with FoMO (e.g., social avoidance–FoMO r = 0.38; loneliness–FoMO r = 0.57).
- In mediation models, social avoidance and loneliness predicted mental health through FoMO, accounting for 19.23% and 28.10% of the total effect, respectively; the 95% bootstrap confidence intervals did not contain zero.
- Positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict mental health through FoMO.
- When depression, anxiety, and stress were modeled separately, social avoidance and loneliness again mediated through FoMO: for depression, 30.93% and 27.01%; for anxiety, 16.84% and 32.11%; for stress, 18.81% and 20.06%.
Methods
- Convenience sample of 616 college and graduate students from a university in Tianjin, China; mean age 19.82 years (SD = 2.23), with 114 males and 494 females (eight did not report gender).
- Measures: Short Form of Solitude Behavior Scale (SBS-S), Fear of Missing Out scale (FoMOs), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).
- Analyses: SPSS 26.0 for data organization, Pearson correlations, and Mplus 8.3 for path analysis with maximum likelihood estimation; mediation tested with 5,000 bootstrap resamples and 95% confidence intervals.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note that personality characteristics of the sample should be considered when examining solitude behavior and FoMO; the study was cross-sectional, so future longitudinal work is needed; and future research should examine whether self-determined solitude and mental health are moderated by other psychological functioning.
- Evident from the text: the sample was a convenience sample from one university and was predominantly female, which may limit generalizability; all measures were self-report; and the mediation models were saturated, so no model fit indicators were reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
3 of 15 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Solitude behavior may activate FoMO.
“Thus, this means that solitude behavior may activate the FoMO.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [18] Lai C, Altavilla D, Ronconi A, Aceto P. Fear of missing out (FOMO) is associated with activation of the right middle temporal gyrus during inclusion social cue. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;61:516–21. source
The indexed copy contains an IRIS repository citation and a listing for a restricted PDF, but no passage from the paper addressing whether solitude behavior may activate FoMO. Searches for the claim and for loneliness or social exclusion returned only that repository record, so the claim cannot be checked against the available text. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [13] Bernard CE. Lonley zs: examining the relationships among time spent on social networking sites, the fear of missing out (fomo), and loneliness among undergraduate college students. Liberty University; 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [19] Barry CT, Wong MY. Fear of missing out (FoMO): a generational phenomenon or an individual difference? J Soc Pers Relatsh. 2020;37:2952–66. source
- cites [20] Cheng P. The relationship between loneliness and adolescents’fear of missing out: the mediating effect of social media use intensity. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2021;29:187–90.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
FoMO has a negative impact on mental health.
“Overall, existing research consistently shows that FoMO has a negative impact on mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] Elhai JD, Gallinari EF, Rozgonjuk D, Yang H. Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use. Addict Behav. 2020;105:106335. source
- cites [7] Luca L, Burlea SL, Chirosca A-C, Marin IM, Ciubara AB, Ciubara A. The FOMO syndrome and the perception of personal needs in contemporary society. BRAIN BROAD Res Artif Intell Neurosci. 2020;11:38–46. source
- Findingown data
Positive solitude did not predict mental health through FoMO.
“While positive solitude and eccentricity could not predict mental health through FoMO (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“whereas positive solitude and eccentricity did not affect mental health through fear of missing out.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to anxiety.
“Positive relationships were found between FoMO and mental health, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to stress.
“Positive relationships were found between FoMO and mental health, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Positive solitude is positively associated with eccentricity.
“Positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity and negatively related to loneliness; social avoidance positively correlated with eccentricity and loneliness.”
- Also stated in: § Correlation analysis result among all variable · plain
“the correlation between positive solitude and eccentricity (r = 0.20) was significant”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Correlation analysis result among all variable · plain
- Findingown data
FoMO positively predicted stress.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to depression.
“Positive relationships were found between FoMO and mental health, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive solitude negatively predicted stress.
“The results showed that positive solitude negatively predicted depression and stress; social avoidance positively predicted anxiety and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity did not predict mental health through FoMO.
“While positive solitude and eccentricity could not predict mental health through FoMO (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“whereas positive solitude and eccentricity did not affect mental health through fear of missing out.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Loneliness positively predicted mental health.
“The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity positively predicted anxiety.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to social avoidance.
“Similarly, FoMO was significantly and positively related to solitude behavior, social avoidance, and loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness significantly predicted FoMO.
“In addition, social avoidance and loneliness were significant predictors of FoMO.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO positively predicted depression.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance is positively correlated with eccentricity.
“Positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity and negatively related to loneliness; social avoidance positively correlated with eccentricity and loneliness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity positively predicted stress.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO positively predicted anxiety.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance positively predicted stress.
“The results showed that positive solitude negatively predicted depression and stress; social avoidance positively predicted anxiety and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to loneliness.
“Similarly, FoMO was significantly and positively related to solitude behavior, social avoidance, and loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness positively predicted anxiety.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to solitude behavior.
“Similarly, FoMO was significantly and positively related to solitude behavior, social avoidance, and loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive solitude negatively predicted mental health in the mediation model.
“The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness positively predicted depression.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness positively predicted stress.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity positively predicted depression.
“Eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance's mediation effect via FoMO on mental health was significant, accounting for 19.23% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting mental health through FoMO accounted for 19.23% and 28.10% of the total effect, respectively, and the 95% confidence interval for each mediating pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Social avoidance significantly predicted FoMO.
“In addition, social avoidance and loneliness were significant predictors of FoMO.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity positively predicted mental health.
“The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Positive solitude is negatively associated with loneliness.
“Positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity and negatively related to loneliness; social avoidance positively correlated with eccentricity and loneliness.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, the results showed that positive solitude was negatively associated with loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Social avoidance positively predicted mental health.
“The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive solitude negatively predicted depression.
“The results showed that positive solitude negatively predicted depression and stress; social avoidance positively predicted anxiety and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO is positively related to mental health.
“Positive relationships were found between FoMO and mental health, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
FoMO positively predicted mental health.
“The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance positively predicted anxiety.
“The results showed that positive solitude negatively predicted depression and stress; social avoidance positively predicted anxiety and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance is positively correlated with loneliness.
“Positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity and negatively related to loneliness; social avoidance positively correlated with eccentricity and loneliness.”
- Also stated in: § Correlation analysis result among all variable · plain
“the correlation between social avoidance and loneliness (r = 0.45) was significant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Correlation analysis result among all variable · plain
- Findingown data
Eccentricity did not predict depression through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social avoidance did not directly predict depression.
“And the results of the path showed that while social avoidance did not directly predict depression, it did directly predict stress and anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness's mediation effect via FoMO on stress was significant, accounting for 20.06% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Social avoidance's mediation effect via FoMO on depression was significant, accounting for 30.93% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Loneliness's mediation effect via FoMO on anxiety was significant, accounting for 32.11% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
FoMO consistently played a partial mediation role in the association of loneliness with depression, anxiety, and stress.
“Moreover, FoMO consistently played a partial mediation role in the association of loneliness with depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Social avoidance's mediation effect via FoMO on stress was significant, accounting for 18.81% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Social avoidance's mediation effect via FoMO on anxiety was significant, accounting for 16.84% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Eccentricity did not predict stress through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Eccentricity did not predict anxiety through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive solitude did not predict stress through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Loneliness's mediation effect via FoMO on depression was significant, accounting for 27.01% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
- Findingown data
Positive solitude did not predict depression through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive solitude did not predict anxiety through FoMO.
“And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The DASS-21 had acceptable internal consistency in this study (Cronbach α = 0.93; dimensions 0.78-0.87).
“The Cronbach αs of the scale in this study was 0.93, and the Cronbach αs of each dimension ranged from 0.78 to 0.87.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The data showed no significant common method variance (Harman's test: first factor 26.07% < 40%).
“the data were tested for common method variance using Harman’s Single-Factor Test, and there were nine factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1, and the first factor only accounted for 26.07% (less than 40% of the total variation), so there was no significant CMV exists.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The study's sample of 616 participants was sufficient to detect the predicted mediated effects at power 0.80 (estimated required N=462).
“The estimated sample size to detect a mediated effect with power of 0.80 is estimated to be 462 [25]. This study included 616 participants and it could be sufficient to detect the predicted effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Fritz MS, Mackinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18:233–9. source
- Interpretationown data
The roles of different solitude behaviors in the relationship between FoMO and mental health differed.
“The roles of different solitude behavior in the relationship between fear of missing out and mental health differed.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“The roles of solitude behaviors in the relationship between FoMO and mental health differed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
- May combine two claims. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationFoMO occurs when an individual's interpersonal needs are not met.
“FoMO occurred when an individual’s interpersonal needs were not met [8, 24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] Chai H, Niu G, Chu X, Wei Q, Song Y, Sun X. Fear of missing out: what have I missed again? Adv Psychol Sci. 2018;26:527–37. source
- cites [24] Beyens I, Frison E, Eggermont S. “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;64:1–8. source
Section 1.2 says deficits in psychological need satisfaction may predict FoMO and reports that adults with less need satisfaction had higher FoMO. The Results find that adolescents with stronger needs to belong and be popular reported more FoMO, but do not establish that unmet interpersonal needs cause FoMO to occur in individuals. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataLoneliness's mediation effect via FoMO on mental health was significant, accounting for 28.10% of the total effect.
“the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting mental health through FoMO accounted for 19.23% and 28.10% of the total effect, respectively, and the 95% confidence interval for each mediating pathway did not contain 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSocial avoidance and loneliness, as non-self-determined solitude, can activate FoMO, which can affect mental health.
“Social avoidance and loneliness as not self-determined solitude could activate the fear of missing out, which could affect mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWhen actively choosing to be alone, relatedness need is low, so it does not lead to FoMO and accompanying mental health problems.
“Conversely, the need for relatedness was low when actively choosing to be alone and therefore did not lead to FoMO and accompanying mental health problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe FoMOs had acceptable internal consistency in this study (Cronbach α = 0.79).
“The Cronbach α of the scale in this study was 0.79.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals can have four solitude behaviors at the same time, only high and low levels differ.
“Lu et al. found that individuals could have four solitude behaviors at the same time, only the high and low levels of the four solitudes differ [22].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Lu X, Liu T, Liu X, Yang H, Elhai JD. Nomophobia and relationships with latent classes of solitude. Bull Menninger Clin. 2022;86:1–19. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAccording to Self-Determination Theory, healthy development depends on satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs.
“According to the Self-Determination Theory, the healthy development of individuals depended on the satisfaction of three basic needs: autonomy needs, competence needs, and relatedness needs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum; 1985. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWhen relatedness needs are unmet, individuals with dominant social avoidance or loneliness tend to internally approach others, which triggers FoMO and harms mental health.
“Whether social avoidance or loneliness was dominant when their relatedness needs were not met, individuals still tended to internally approach and integrated with people, which in turn triggered the FoMO and harmed people’s mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPositive solitude and eccentricity are self-determined; social avoidance and loneliness are non-self-determined.
“Positive solitude and eccentricity are self-determined, whereas social avoidance and loneliness are non-self-determined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Chen X, Dai X, Bao L, Wang M, Liu M. Development and psychometric properties of the solitude behavior scale. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2012;20:1–4.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe SBS-S had acceptable internal consistency in this study (Cronbach α = 0.81; dimensions 0.82-0.88).
“The Cronbach αs of the scale in this study was 0.81, and the Cronbach αs of each dimension ranged from 0.82 to 0.88.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFoMO was positively correlated with depression and anxiety and significantly predicted stress.
“For example, FoMO was positively correlated with depression and anxiety [6, 10] and significantly predicted stress [11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] Elhai JD, Gallinari EF, Rozgonjuk D, Yang H. Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use. Addict Behav. 2020;105:106335. source
- cites [10] Holte AJ, Ferraro FR. Anxious, bored, and (maybe) missing out: evaluation of anxiety attachment, boredom proneness, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Comput Hum Behav. 2020;112:106465. source
- cites [11] Milyavskaya M, Saffran M, Hope N, Koestner R. Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motiv Emot. 2018;42:725–37. source
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional data reflect the hypothesized causal ordering (solitude behavior → FoMO → mental health).
“this study was a cross-sectional study, and future studies may consider using longitudinal studies to further validate our findings.”
Cites
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · Cited by 26,772 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Among them, Relatedness needs refer to those needs that are satisfied by establishing social relationships with others [23].”
BackgroundRequired sample size to detect the mediated effect
Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x · Cited by 4,810 · see citing works
Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 · Cited by 3,932 · cited 4× · see citing works
“FoMO also decreased well-being [14] and life satisfaction [9].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFerrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 · Cited by 3,115 · see citing works
Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5 · Cited by 1,494 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Then the reduction of such negative experiences in turn improves mental health [43, 44].”
BackgroundDhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083 · Cited by 847 · cited 2× · see citing works
“FoMO occurred when an individual’s interpersonal needs were not met [8, 24].”
BackgroundDeveloping and testing a model of loneliness.
Gierveld, J. D. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.119 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Stein, M. B., Renna, M., & Blais, M. A. (2012) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278711424282 · Cited by 543 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess participants’ mental health in a 21-item scale consisting of three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress [27].”
MethodLoneliness and depression in the elderly: the role of social network
Domènech-Abella, J., Lara, E., Rubio-Valera, M., Olaya, B., Moneta, M. V., Rico-Uribe, L. A., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Mundó, J., & Haro, J. M. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1339-3 · Cited by 508 · cited 1× · see citing works
“noted that among those who felt lonely, individuals with depression had a smaller social network [41].”
BackgroundBlackwell handbook of childhood social development
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3702 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Gupta, M., & Sharma, A. (2021) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881 · Cited by 440 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Then the reduction of such negative experiences in turn improves mental health [43, 44].”
BackgroundMotivators of online vulnerability: the impact of social network site use and FOMO
Buglass, S. L., Binder, J. F., Betts, L. R., & Underwood, J. D. M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.055 · Cited by 427 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FoMO also decreased well-being [14] and life satisfaction [9].”
BackgroundFear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO
Milyavskaya, M., Saffran, M., Hope, N., & Koestner, R. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9683-5 · Cited by 408 · cited 2× · see citing works
“noted that FoMO that arose when individuals carried out activities with other people was lower than individuals interacted with their natural environment [11].”
BackgroundA Cognitive Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder
Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Social Anxiety · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8 · Cited by 407 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There were some previous studies suggest that social avoidance has been linked to unpleasant experiences [35, 36].”
ResultTateno, M., Teo, A. R., Ukai, W., Kanazawa, J., Katsuki, R., Kubo, H., & Kato, T. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455 · Cited by 372 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to previous studies, a form of active social isolation called hikikomori has been frequently combined with avoidance of social interactions and withdrawal behavior [30, 31].”
BackgroundWhat is good mental health? A scoping review
Fusar-Poli, P., Salazar de Pablo, G., De Micheli, A., Nieman, D. H., Correll, C. U., Kessing, L. V., Pfennig, A., Bechdolf, A., Borgwardt, S., Arango, C., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety, and Apathy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Current Perspectives
Ma, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Solitude as an Approach to Affective Self-Regulation
Nguyen, T.-V. T., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217733073 · Cited by 317 · cited 1× · see citing works
“found that self-determined solitude not only enhanced subjective well-being but also led to relaxation and stress relief [39].”
BackgroundTandon, A., Dhir, A., Almugren, I., AlNemer, G. N., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-11-2019-0455 · Cited by 315 · cited 2× · see citing works
“FoMO’s consequences could have negative long-term impacts on societal communication and well-being [42].”
BackgroundElhai, J. D., Gallinari, E. F., Rozgonjuk, D., & Yang, H. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106335 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Development and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25)
Teo, A. R., Chen, J. I., Kubo, H., Katsuki, R., Sato‐Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., Hayakawa, K., Umene‐Nakano, W., Aikens, J. E., Kanba, S., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12691 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to previous studies, a form of active social isolation called hikikomori has been frequently combined with avoidance of social interactions and withdrawal behavior [30, 31].”
BackgroundRozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110546 · Cited by 196 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Aside from the solitude behaviors themselves, the personality characteristics of the samples need to be taken into account when examining the link between solitude behaviors and FoMO [45, 46].”
BackgroundLai, C., Altavilla, D., Ronconi, A., & Aceto, P. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.072 · Cited by 177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“finding that individuals with higher levels of loneliness had more severe FoMO on important information [18].”
BackgroundFear of missing out (FoMO): A generational phenomenon or an individual difference?
Barry, C. T., & Wong, M. Y. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407520945394 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bernard and Barry & Wong both found a significant relationship between loneliness and FoMO [13, 19].”
BackgroundRiordan, B. C., Flett, J. A. M., Hunter, J., Scarf, D., & Conner, T. S. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Functions · doi:10.7243/2055-3447-2-9 · Cited by 155 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Individuals with high levels of FoMO were more likely to suffer from alcohol abuse [12] and sleep disorders [13].”
BackgroundNelson, L. J. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00671.x · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nelson also argued that while unsociable individuals showed greater levels of depression, relationships had fewer problems [40].”
BackgroundThomas, V., & Azmitia, M. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.004 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Results from the previous study indicated that self-determined solitude demonstrated a positive correlation with personal growth and self-acceptance, whereas not self-determined solitude showed negative correlations with these desirable outcome variables [38].”
ResultHolte, A. J., & Ferraro, F. R. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106465 · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, FoMO was positively correlated with depression and anxiety [6, 10] and significantly predicted stress [11].”
BackgroundFear of missing out: What have I missed again?
Huan You, C., Geng Feng, N., Xiao Wei, C., Qi, W., Yu Hong, S., & Xiao Jun, S. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00527 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The FOMO Syndrome and the Perception of Personal Needs in Contemporary Society
Luca, L., Burlea, S. L., Chirosca, A.-C., Marin, I. M., Ciubara, A. B., & Ciubara, A. (2020) · BRAIN. BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/11.1sup1/27 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Restorative Qualities of Being Alone with Nature
Korpela, K., & Staats, H. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118427378.ch20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Hong, J. S., Garthe, R. C., Espelage, D. L., & Schacter, H. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.023 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In summary, this study intended to investigate three main questions: (1) how solitude behavior was related to f FoMO and mental health; (2) whether FoMO played a mediating role in the relationship between solitude behavior and mental health; and (3) whether there were differences in the effects of the four different t…”
BackgroundLin, P.-H., Wang, P.-Y., Lin, Y., & Yang, S.-Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145060 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Aside from the solitude behaviors themselves, the personality characteristics of the samples need to be taken into account when examining the link between solitude behaviors and FoMO [45, 46].”
BackgroundNomophobia and relationships with latent classes of solitude
Lu, X., Liu, T., Liu, X., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2022.86.1.1 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“found that individuals could have four solitude behaviors at the same time, only the high and low levels of the four solitudes differ [22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCommentary about social avoidance and its significance in adolescents and young adults
Simon, A. E., Keller, P., & Cattapan, K. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113718 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There were some previous studies suggest that social avoidance has been linked to unpleasant experiences [35, 36].”
ResultBurnell, K., George, M. J., & Underwood, M. K. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119576457.ch18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Loneliness” is the Fate of All Great Souls? Solitude and Relevant Research
Xiao, C. H. E. N., & Hui, Z. H. O. U. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.01850 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Positive Solitude and It's Means of Psychology
Jie-qiong, Y. (2011) · Zhongguo linchuang xinlixue zazhi · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Wang L, Zhang X, Gao J. Status and influencing factors of mental health among adult residents in China. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2019;35:579–82.
- Chen X, Dai X, Bao L, Wang M, Liu M. Development and psychometric properties of the solitude behavior scale. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2012;20:1–4.
- Cheng P. The relationship between loneliness and adolescents’fear of missing out: the mediating effect of social media use intensity. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2021;29:187–90.
- Luo J, Lu X, Liu T. Reliability and validity of the solitude behavior scale for short version. Chin J Behav Med Brain Sci. 2022;31:174–9.
- Xia X, Pan W, Shang H, Zhang X, Gao S. Association between college students’ solitude and depression: moderating effect of defense mechanism. Chin J Health Psychol. 2022;30:113–8.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., & Veloo, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01888-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jiang, M., Yang, W., Ji, Y., Cai, X., Li, Y., Guan, A., Wang, Z., Ye, C., Tan, S., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1723567 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Collins, R. A., Duncanson, K., Skinner, J. A., Hay, P., Paxton, S. J., & Burrows, T. L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13100817 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., & Kim, D.-Y. (2024) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100959 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, H., & Xia, X. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08215-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Finally, influence diagnostics identified two outliers (Liu et al., 2023; Goltsberg, 2023; r =.57 and 0.00, respectively), but their removal did not substantially alter our findings (loneliness: Fisher’s Z = 0.40, r =.37; isolation: Fisher’s Z = 0.39, r =.37).”
InfluentialShifting from social media to AI Chatbots: Saying goodbye to digital mental harms?
Fattouh, D. (2025) · Strategic Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbr.2025.100011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhou, R., Xiao, Y., Shen, X., Zhao, W., Liu, G., Chen, H., Zhang, G., & Zheng, P. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119408 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The relationship between nomophobia and latent classes of personality
Ji, S., Xu, S.-W., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Y., & Liu, T. (2024) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.758 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, prolonged nomophobia can lead to anxiety and emotional instability, as well as to related psychological disorders such as depression, thereby affecting an individual ’ s overall health (Darvishi et al., 2019; Farchakh et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2023).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRedes sociais e serviços de streaming: um estudo transversal sobre fatores associados à saúde mental
Oliveira, A. D. S., Pedrollo, L., Vedana, K., & Silva, A. C. (2025) · Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1983-1447.20220240115.pt · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hisham, E. M., Hartanto, A., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2025.100259 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Seabra, D. B. M. H., Oliveira, G. R. D. S., Silva, R., & Freitas, R. F. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v48.3-2023-0292.ing · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Studies have found a positive correlation between depression and FoMO, suggesting that people with symptoms of depression are more likely to experience FoMO than the ones without these symptoms 35,36,37 .”
BackgroundChanges of Solitude Behaviors among College Students: A Latent Transition Analysis
Liu, T., Wan, F., & Lu, X. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs14050385 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous research indicated that while positive solitude was associated with creativity, high self-esteem, and wellbeing, eccentricity was a significant characteristic of schizophrenia, and social avoidance and loneliness were related to psychological health issues [6,22,23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhen the screen calls: online FoMo as a behavioural and pedagogical problem
Matijašević, B., Penjak, A., & Mališa, S. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2554284 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Although prior studies have examined general correlates of FoMo, such as its links to anxiety and depression (Elhai et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2023), few have investigated its emotional aftermath, particularly feelings like shame or relief following FoMo episodes (Gupta & Sharma, 2021).”
Aslan, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24547-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In addition, studies have shown that psychological risk factors such as depression, stress [23], and decreased life satisfaction are more frequently observed in individuals with high levels of FoMO [24].”
Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Zhu, X., Wang, Y., Gao, L., & Yang, H. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100838 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ren, S., Zhang, M., Zhu, C., Liu, T., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05761-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This feeling often comes with negative emotions such as anxiety and fear (Gupta & Sharma, 2021; Liu et al., 2023).”
Self-citationLiu, T., Zhao, N., Yuan, Y., Niu, G., & Lu, X. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04234-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Additionally, the constant alerts and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) linked with PMPU may cause ongoing stress and anxiety [30].”
Self-citationNazyrova, A., Sergaziyev, M., Omarbekova, A., Sautbayeva, L., Akimjan, Z., & Lamasheva, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2026.1780814 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Phenomenon and Effects of Fear of Missing Out
Zhong, P. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/29/20231380 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Jaw Motor Activity: Insights From Electromyography and Self‐Report Data
Lee, S., Koshkebaghi, D., Mouseli, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.70001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“One of the most reported causes of increased anxiety during social media use is fear of missing out (FOMO) [38]—a sense of worry that others are experiencing more enjoyable or rewarding activities, potentially leading to feelings of exclusion or dissatisfaction.”
FOMO syndrome in adolescents – threats and prevention: Theoretical review
Kleszczewska-Albińska, A., & Ptak, K. (2023) · Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0054.6609
Oliveira, A. D. S., Pedrollo, L., Vedana, K., & Silva, A. C. (2025) · Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1983-1447.20220240115.en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ho, T. T. Q., Nguyễn, H. T., & Dau, M. L. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2571985
“These findings were observed in samples of university students, adolescents, and adults in countries such as China, Italy, the United States, and Malaysia, with sample sizes ranging from 281 to 1,034 participants (Elhai et al., 2020; Fabris et al., 2020; Gong et al., 2022; Holte & Ferraro, 2020; Liu et al., 2023; Sult…”
InfluentialSocial media, absorption, and stress: Divergent paths to self-esteem
Davis, S. W., Barahmand, U., Russo, R., Antunano, M., Asamoah, J., Bernstein, C., Bass, B., & Solodar, M. (2026) · Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research · doi:10.29333/mjosbr/17853
“Additionally, the fear of missing out has been shown to be positively associated with time spent on social media and can lead to depression (Liu et al., 2023).”
Phakey, N., Godara, K., Pandey, K. K., & Kumar, A. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2026.2636281
“These relationships underscore the importance of this scale in evaluating the wider consequences of FoMO on mental health-related issues and the overall well-being of the individuals (Błachnio & Przepiórka, 2018; Liu et al., 2023; Lo Coco et al., 2020; Stead & Bibby, 2017).”
Phuong, N. T. L. (2026) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100765
The Impact of Fear of Missing out (FoMO) on Addictive Eating: A Moderated Mediation Model
Skinner, J. A., Collins, R. A., Duncanson, K., Hay, P., & Burrows, T. L. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18101493
“…has been found to be associated with increased mental health symptomology and severity (e.g., anxiety, depression, and psychological stress) [25,37,38] and other indicators of poor psychological wellbeing [16,18] (e.g., lower general mood, lower life satisfaction, lower emotional wellbeing…”
Samohodkin, E. (2026) · Bulletin of Kemerovo State University Series Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.21603/2542-1840-2026-10-2-225-235
From Workplace Hurdles to Solitary Tendencies: Unraveling the Mediating Role of Psychological Strain
Wu, Z., Bari, M. W., & Raza, N. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087261478962
“However, Chen et al. (2012) explain four types of solitude behaviors based on different motivations and causes: positive solitude, eccentricity, social avoidance, and loneliness (Liu et al., 2023).”
Influential
- Authors
- Liu, X., Liu, T., Zhou, Z., & Wan, F.
- Affiliations
- Tianjin Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Tour
- Venue
- BMC Psychology
- Published
- 2023-05-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 141-141
- ISSN
- 2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10150542
- OpenAlex
- W4367597836
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800945)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- fear of missing out, mental health, loneliness, social avoidance, eccentricity, positive solitude, depression, anxiety, stress, university students, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Fear, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
