Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology: a white paper
Open accessAbstract
Fungi have the ability to transform organic materials into a rich and diverse set of useful products and provide distinct opportunities for tackling the urgent challenges before all humans. Fungal biotechnology can advance the transition from our petroleum-based economy into a bio-based circular economy and has the ability to sustainably produce resilient sources of food, feed, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and materials for construction, automotive and transportation industries, for furniture and beyond. Fungal biotechnology offers solutions for securing, stabilizing and enhancing the food supply for a growing human population, while simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Fungal biotechnology has, thus, the potential to make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation and meeting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of new and established fungal cell factories. The White Paper presented here is the result of the 2nd Think Tank meeting held by the EUROFUNG consortium in Berlin in October 2019. This paper highlights discussions on current opportunities and research challenges in fungal biotechnology and aims to inform scientists, educators, the general public, industrial stakeholders and policymakers about the current fungal biotech revolution.
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The bio-based circular carbon economy introduces new bio-based products that offer similar or superior characteristics to their petroleum-derived substitutes while maintaining a lower carbon footprint and full biodegradability.
“It also introduces new, bio-based products that offer similar or superior characteristics to their petroleum-derived substitutes while maintaining a lower carbon footprint and full biodegradability (Meyer et al., 2020).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Meyer et al., 2020
The Introduction anticipates that future fungal-based products will match or surpass petroleum-derived products while having a reduced or negative carbon footprint and full biodegradability. The citing sentence presents this as a current feature of bio-based products generally, rather than a prospect for fungal-based products. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“oryzae is among the strains with the greatest yields [20].”
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FungalTraits: a user-friendly traits database of fungi and fungus-like stramenopiles
Põlme, S., Abarenkov, K., Nilsson, R. H., Lindahl, B. D., Clemmensen, K. E., Kauserud, H., Nguyen, N., Kjøller, R., Bates, S. T., Baldrián, P., et al. (2020) · Fungal Diversity · doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective
Tan, E. C. D., & Lamers, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2021.701509 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“It also introduces new, bio-based products that offer similar or superior characteristics to their petroleum-derived substitutes while maintaining a lower carbon footprint and full biodegradability (Meyer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe contribution of fungi to the global economy
Niego, A. G., Lambert, C., Mortimer, P., Thongklang, N., Rapior, S., Grosse, M., Schrey, H., Charria-Girón, E., Walker, A., Hyde, K., et al. (2023) · Fungal diversity · doi:10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Facing the transition towards a sustainable economy based on reduction of non-renewable materials and minimization of waste, fungal biotechnology offers a fascinating opportunity with high innovation potential (Meyer et al. 2020).”
BackgroundCurrent state and future prospects of pure mycelium materials
Vandelook, S., Elsacker, E., Wylick, A. V., Laet, L. D., & Peeters, E. (2021) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-021-00128-1 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A review on mycoprotein: History, nutritional composition, production methods, and health benefits
Ahmad, M. I., Farooq, S., Alhamoud, Y., Li, C., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.027 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Current Insights in Fungal Importance—A Comprehensive Review
Corbu, V., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Dumbravă, A. Ş., Vrâncianu, C. O., & Șesan, T. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061384 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Flexible Fungal Materials: Shaping the Future
Gandía, A., van den Brandhof, J. G., Appels, F. V. W., & Jones, M. P. (2021) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.03.002 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Fungi in Mycelium-Based Composites: Usage and Recommendations
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Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues
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“, bio-refinery and solid state fermentation) in a biobased circular economy to produce fungal proteins is encouraged and is being currently investigated [84,85].”
BackgroundFungal Cell Factories for Efficient and Sustainable Production of Proteins and Peptides
Lübeck, M., & Lübeck, P. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10040753 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“In continuous fermentation, the nutrients are added during fermentation as in fed-batch, but at the same rate, the products are continuously recovered during the fermentation, which requires a steady state production with same amount of liquid flowing into the bioreactor as the amount flowing out [12,156].”
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Islam, M. T., Sepanloo, K., Woo, S., Woo, S. H., & Son, Y. (2025) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines13040267 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“In addition, VR-based room demos allow guests to have a high-fidelity experience of the space even before their arrival booking.”
Amazing Fungi for Eco-Friendly Composite Materials: A Comprehensive Review
Aiduang, W., Chanthaluck, A., Kumla, J., Jatuwong, K., Srinuanpan, S., Waroonkun, T., Oranratmanee, R., Lumyong, S., & Suwannarach, N. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8080842 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Mycelium-based designs have been the subject of interest for more than two decades [127,128].”
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Hyde, K. D., Baldrián, P., Chen, Y., Chethana, K. W. T., de Hoog, S., Doilom, M., de Farias, A. R. G., Gonçalves, M. F. M., Gonkhom, D., Gui, H., et al. (2024) · Fungal Diversity · doi:10.1007/s13225-023-00532-5 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Fungal mycelium as leather alternative: A sustainable biogenic material for the fashion industry
Amobonye, A., Lalung, J., Awasthi, M., & Pillai, S. (2023) · Sustainable Materials and Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00724 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Systems biology-guided understanding of white-rot fungi for biotechnological applications: A review
Kijpornyongpan, T., Schwartz, A., Yaguchi, A., & Salvachúa, D. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104640 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Study of marine microorganism metabolites: new resources for bioactive natural products
Barzkar, N., Сухих, С. А., & Babich, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285902 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Jo, C., Zhang, J., Tam, J. M., Church, G., Khalil, A. S., Segrè, D., & Tang, T.-C. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100560 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Spent mushroom substrate and sawdust to produce mycelium-based thermal insulation composites
Schritt, H., Vidi, S., & Pleissner, D. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127910 · Cited by 86
Assessing global fungal threats to humans
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“According to the UN FAO, an estimated 25% of the world's crops are contaminated with unacceptable levels of mycotoxins 45 .”
BackgroundMycelioTronics: Fungal mycelium skin for sustainable electronics
Danninger, D., Pruckner, R., Holzinger, L., Koeppe, R., & Kaltenbrunner, M. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add7118 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Insight into mycelium-lignocellulosic bio-composites: essential factors and properties
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“They grow a network of continuous hyphae, bind the biomass substrate particles together, and create a three-dimensional matrix [6].”
BackgroundRekdal, V. M., van der Luijt, C. R. B., Chen, Y., Kakumanu, R., Baidoo, E., Petzold, C. J., Cruz-Morales, P., & Keasling, J. D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46314-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Filamentous fungi for future functional food and feed.
Strong, P., Self, R., Allikian, K., Szewczyk, E., Speight, R., O'Hara, I., & Harrison, M. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102729 · Cited by 80
Derbyshire, E. J., & Delange, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.581682 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Lastly, fungal biotechnology has the ability to transform organic materials into nutritious food protein, helping to tackle the urgent global challenges that are becoming increasingly apparent (Finnigan et al., 2019; Meyer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMeyer, V., Cairns, T., Barthel, L., King, R., Kunz, P., Schmideder, S., Müller, H., Briesen, H., Dinius, A., & Krull, R. (2021) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-021-00115-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Introduction Fungal biotechnology is a key driver of innovation for the circular economy and contributes to 10 out of the 17 United Nations sustainability goals [1, 2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhat Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?
Mueller, G., Cunha, K. M., May, T., Allen, J., Westrip, J., Canteiro, C., Costa-Rezende, D., Drechsler-Santos, E. R., Vasco-Palacios, A. M., Ainsworth, A., et al. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14090736 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Humans also benefit directly from fungi, from food to drug production, including recent advances in clothing and construction [5,6].”
BackgroundModular Synthetic Biology Toolkit for Filamentous Fungi
Mózsik, L., Pohl, C., Meyer, V., Bovenberg, R. A. L., Nygård, Y., & Driessen, A. (2021) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.1c00260 · Cited by 74
Self-citationFungal secondary metabolites in food and pharmaceuticals in the era of multi-omics
Shankar, A., & Sharma, K. K. (2022) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-022-11945-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi
Liu, D., Garrigues, S., & de Vries, R. D. (2023) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12660-8 · Cited by 70
A review on the potential of filamentous fungi for microbial self-healing of concrete
Wylick, A. V., Monclaro, A., Elsacker, E., Vandelook, S., Rahier, H., Laet, L. D., Cannella, D., & Peeters, E. (2021) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-021-00122-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“nidulans is a biosafety level 1 fungus, and its genetic engineering opens new prospects for applications within the context of the circular economy such as concrete self-healing [47].”
BackgroundSomething old, something new: challenges and developments in Aspergillus niger biotechnology
Cairns, T., Barthel, L., & Meyer, V. (2021) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20200139 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAspergillus: A Powerful Protein Production Platform
Ntana, F., Mortensen, U., Sarazin, C., & Figge, R. (2020) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal10091064 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“, itaconic), secondary metabolites, and enzymes of biotechnological significance [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLife Cycle Assessment of Fungal-Based Composite Bricks
Stelzer, L., Hoberg, F., Bach, V., Schmidt, B., Pfeiffer, S., Meyer, V., & Finkbeiner, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132111573 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The replacement of conventional materials, such as concrete or lime sandstone, with these biologically produced and thus biodegradable materials could considerably contribute to reaching the UN sustainability goals [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGreen Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management
Elsakhawy, T., Omara, A., Abowaly, M., El-Ramady, H., Badgar, K., Llanaj, X., Törős, G., Hajdú, P., & Prokisch, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074328 · Cited by 64
“So, mushrooms have a very strong relationship with soil; mushrooms can obtain nutrients and carbon from the soil, and the soil can receive many release-fungal-based organic compounds from the mushrooms [87].”
BackgroundVerma, N., Eswari, S., & Mahapatra, C. (2023) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.110396 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Kuribayashi, T., Lankinen, P., Hietala, S., & Mikkonen, K. (2021) · Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106688 · Cited by 61
Rognoli, V., Petreca, B., Pollini, B., & Saito, C. (2022) · Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy · doi:10.1080/15487733.2022.2124740 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the DIY culture, including DIY with biology (thus incorporating DIY bio-fabrication techniques), due to its intrinsic nature, supports the model of distributed microproduction (Bianchini, and Maffei 2013), drawing on local sources and fostering bio-based and circular solutions (Devadas et al. 2021; Meyer…”
BackgroundThe Role of Fungi in Food Production and Processing
Pouris, J., Kolyva, F., Bratakou, S., Vogiatzi, C. A., Chaniotis, D. I., & Beloukas, A. I. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14125046 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Efforts are being made to develop novel food products from recycled stale bread and brewing residues, thereby promoting circular economy models [189].”
OMICS and Other Advanced Technologies in Mycological Applications
Wijayawardene, N., Boonyuen, N., Ranaweera, C., de Zoysa, H. K. S., Padmathilake, R. E., Nifla, F., Dai, D.-Q., Liu, Y., Suwannarach, N., Kumla, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9060688 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Strategies for the Development of Industrial Fungal Producing Strains
Salazar-Cerezo, S., de Vries, R. D., & Garrigues, S. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9080834 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“In any case, filamentous fungi have undoubtedly become major contributors to the production of the majority of microbial-derived industrial products [16] and have become essential contributors to the circular bio-economy [2].”
BackgroundTranscriptional Activation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Filamentous Fungi
Mózsik, L., Iacovelli, R., Bovenberg, R. A. L., & Driessen, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.901037 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Alongside the beneficial metabolites, fungi also produce SMs acting as toxins (e.g., aflatoxin, fumonisin, patulin), which negatively affect food, feed, livestock, and human health.”
BackgroundInfluentialFungal and enzymatic pretreatments in hot-pressed lignocellulosic bio-composites: A critical review
Sun, W., Tajvidi, M., Hunt, C. G., Cole, B. J. W., Howell, C., Gardner, D. J., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131659 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being
Mapook, A., Hyde, K. D., Hassan, K., Kemkuignou, B. M., Čmoková, A., Surup, F., Kuhnert, E., Paomephan, P., Cheng, T., de Hoog, S., et al. (2022) · Fungal Diversity · doi:10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cairns, T. C., Zheng, X., Zheng, P., Sun, J., & Meyer, V. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7070535 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“However, these applications are too slow for large scale industrial use, and consequently, engineering lignocellulose degradation from a plethora of fungi is a major objective for current research [6,105].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe circular bioeconomy: a driver for system integration
Schipfer, F., Burli, P., Fritsche, U., Hennig, C., Stricker, F., Wirth, M., Proskurina, S., & Serna-Loaiza, S. (2024) · Energy, Sustainability and Society · doi:10.1186/s13705-024-00461-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Macro-and micro-algae [69] and fungi [70] are also widely discussed as promising food and supplement alternatives.”
BackgroundAdamatzky, A., Nikolaidou, A., Gandia, A., Chiolerio, A., & Dehshibi, M. M. (2020) · Biosyst. · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.05670 · Cited by 52
Using Fungi in Artificial Microbial Consortia to Solve Bioremediation Problems
Efremenko, E., Stepanov, N., Senko, O., Aslanli, A., Maslova, O., & Lyagin, I. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12030470 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The availability can be satisfied by searching for and isolating the necessary fungi from natural sources or by creating genetically modified strains [116,117].”
BackgroundEstablishment of the basidiomycete Fomes fomentarius for the production of composite materials
Pohl, C., Schmidt, B., Guitar, T. N., Klemm, S., Gusovius, H., Platzk, S., Kruggel-Emden, H., Klunker, A., Völlmecke, C., Fleck, C., et al. (2022) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-022-00133-y · Cited by 49
“The vision is surprising and fascinating, yet plausible and thus hopefully achievable in the near future: Plastics, foams, textiles and other materials derived from petroleum-based resources could soon be functionally replaced by a new class of biomaterials produced by fungal biotechnology [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDzurendová, S., Zimmermann, B., Tafintseva, V., Kohler, A., Ekeberg, D., & Shapaval, V. (2020) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10821-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationKwon, M. J., Steiniger, C., Cairns, T. C., Wisecaver, J. H., Lind, A., Pohl, C., Regner, C., Rokas, A., & Meyer, V. (2021) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00898-21 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Improved understanding of the genetic, molecular, and biochemical aspects of fungal secondary metabolism thus promises to drive novel medical breakthroughs, while also ensuring improvements in global food safety and security (9).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow
Roth, M. G., Westrick, N. M., & Baldwin, T. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Fungal Biology · doi:10.3389/ffunb.2023.1135263 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“- Impossible burger, Quorn, and MyBacon), with little or no animal products involved (Meyer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGhazvinian, A., & Gürsoy, B. (2022) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics7020048 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“There are several applications of mycelium-based matter and fungal biotechnologies [9].”
BackgroundUwe, F., Gianluca, B., David, C., Charis, G., Stefanie, H., Robert, M., & Calliope, P. (2020) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2760/667966 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases and their biotechnological potential in Penicillium rubens
Iacovelli, R., Bovenberg, R. A. L., & Driessen, A. (2021) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1093/jimb/kuab045 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cell walls of filamentous fungi – challenges and opportunities for biotechnology
Ost, K. J., Student, M., Cord-Landwehr, S., Moerschbacher, B., Ram, A., & Dirks-Hofmeister, M. E. (2025) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-025-13512-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Therefore, filamentous fungi are used to produce various commodities and specialty products (Nielsen et al. 1995; Meyer 2008; Meyer et al. 2020).”
Self-citationRisk assessment of fungal materials
van den Brandhof, J. G., & Wösten, H. A. B. (2022) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-022-00134-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Moreover, the fungal materials can be recycled at their end of life to make new materials, to use as feed or fertilizer, or to improve soil structure [8, 9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAngelova, G., Brazkova, M., & Krastanov, A. I. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C · doi:10.1515/znc-2021-0040 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mycosphere notes 325-344 – Novel species and records of fungal taxa from around the world
Hyde, K. (2021) · Mycosphere · doi:10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/14 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…in agriculture (biocontrol agents, biofertilizers and pathogens), industry (biofuel, beverages, cosmeceuticals, food), the environment (mycoremediation, nutrient cycling and waste valorization) and medical and pharmaceutical products (Willis 2018, Hyde et al. 2019b, Yadav 2019, Meyer et al. 2020).”
BackgroundVirágh, M., Merényi, Z., Csernetics, Á., Földi, C., Sahu, N., Liu, X.-B., Hibbett, D. S., & Nagy, L. G. (2021) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00019-21 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pre- and Postharvest Strategies for Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom in a Circular Economy Approach
Silva, M., Ramos, A. C., Lidon, F. J., Reboredo, F., & Gonçalves, E. M. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13101464 · Cited by 40
“Mushrooms play a crucial role in this transition due to their capability to convert organic matter into valuable products [45].”
BackgroundTakahashi, J., Barbosa, B., Martins, B. D. A., Guirlanda, C. P., & Moura, M. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6040223 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fungal bioprocessing for circular bioeconomy: Exploring lignocellulosic waste valorization
Dhiman, S., Kaur, P., Narang, J., Mukherjee, G., Thakur, B., Kaur, S., & Tripathi, M. (2024) · Mycology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2024.2316824 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aiduang, W., Jatuwong, K., Luangharn, T., Jinanukul, P., Thamjaree, W., Teeraphantuvat, T., Waroonkun, T., & Lumyong, S. (2024) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics9060337 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gan, J.-K., Soh, E., Saeidi, N., Javadian, A., Hebel, D., & Ferrand, H. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24070-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Liu, J., Wu, L., Xie, A., Liu, W. L., Zhao, H., Wan, Y., & Mao, W. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03169-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Fungi, particularly Aspergillus, Xylaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and Trichoderma, have emerged as powerful cell factories for heterologous protein production [95].”
Shahid, M., Shah, P., Mach, K., Hunt, B. R., Finnigan, T. J. A., Frost, G. S., Neal, B. C., & Hadjikakou, M. (2024) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100410 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Role of mycoprotein as a non-meat protein in food security and sustainability: a review
Saeed, F., Afzaal, M., Khalid, A., Shah, Y. A., Ateeq, H., Islam, F., Akram, N., Ejaz, A., Nayik, G. A., & Shah, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2023.2178456 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Moreover, fungal biotechnology has the potential to convert organic substances into nutrient-dense dietary proteins, which can help to address some of the world’s most pressing issues.([57]) Even though humans have been utilizing biodiversity for long periods, there has never been a more critical time in history to fu…”
BackgroundCalcium Affects Polyphosphate and Lipid Accumulation in Mucoromycota Fungi
Dzurendová, S., Zimmermann, B., Kohler, A., Reitzel, K., Nielsen, U., Dupuy-Galet, B., Leivers, S., Horn, S., & Shapaval, V. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7040300 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Mucoromycota fungi are powerful cell factories widely applicable in developing modern biorefineries [1,2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMycelium-Based Breakthroughs: Exploring Commercialization, Research, and Next-Gen Possibilities
Wattanavichean, N., Phanthuwongpakdee, J., Koedrith, P., Laoratanakul, P., Thaithatgoon, B., Somrithipol, S., Kwantong, P., Nuankaew, S., Pinruan, U., Chuaseeharonnachai, C., et al. (2025) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-025-00539-x · Cited by 36
“…of this initiative, directly contribute to several SDGs, such as promoting sustainable industrialization (SDG 9), fostering eco-friendly urban development (SDG 11), encouraging responsible consumption (SDG 12), mitigating climate change (SDG 13), and supporting biodiversity (SDG 15) [ 30, 57, 58].”
Dzurendová, S., Zimmermann, B., Tafintseva, V., Kohler, A., Horn, S., & Shapaval, V. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6040260 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Efficiency of microbial biomass production, the yield of the targeted metabolite(s), and a coproduction potential are important assessment parameters in bioprocess development [19,20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetcalfe, B., Acosta-Pavas, J. C., Robles-Rodríguez, C. E., Georgakilas, G., Dalamagas, T., Aceves-Lara, C., Daboussi, F., Koehorst, J., & Corrales, D. C. (2024) · Computers and Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2024.108991 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
CRISPR_Cas systems for fungal research
Ouedraogo, J., & Tsang, A. (2020) · Fungal Biology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2020.10.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-active enzymes in animal feed.
Plouhinec, L., Neugnot, V., Lafond, M., & Berrin, J. (2023) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108145 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pellegrino, R., Blasi, F., Angelini, P., Ianni, F., Alabed, H. B. R., Emiliani, C., Venanzoni, R., & Cossignani, L. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04197 · Cited by 33
Alves, M. F., & Murray, P. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8050439 · Cited by 33
“Introduction The conversion of organic materials into bioactive products by fungi offers sustainable solutions, especially as substitutes for toxic chemicals, which is extremely important for a bio-based circular economy [1,2].”
BackgroundDzurendová, S., Shapaval, V., Tafintseva, V., Kohler, A., Byrtusová, D., Szotkowski, M., Márová, I., & Zimmermann, B. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136710 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationAn, N., Li, K., Wang, Y., Shen, W., Huang, X., Xu, S., Wu, L., & Huang, H. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130095 · Cited by 32
Universal law for diffusive mass transport through mycelial networks
Schmideder, S., Müller, H., Barthel, L., Friedrich, T., Niessen, L., Meyer, V., & Briesen, H. (2020) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27622 · Cited by 32
Self-citationA CRISPR/Cas9‐based multicopy integration system for protein production in Aspergillus niger
Arentshorst, M., Valappil, P. K., Mózsik, L., Regensburg-Tuïnk, T., Seekles, S. J., Tjallinks, G., Fraaije, M., Visser, J., & Ram, A. (2023) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16891 · Cited by 31
Self-citationWood-Decaying Fungi: From Timber Degradation to Sustainable Insulating Biomaterials Production
Charpentier-Alfaro, C., Benavides-Hernández, J., Poggerini, M., Crisci, A., Mele, G., Rocca, G. D., Emiliani, G., Frascella, A., Torrigiani, T., & Palanti, S. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16093547 · Cited by 31
“Further advantages of this type of material over their traditional synthetic alternatives include the low energy and water requirements of their production process, the low cost of raw materials [19,21], a reduced or even negative carbon footprint [22] and the final product’s biodegradability [23].”
BackgroundRecent advances in the construction of biocomposites based on fungal mycelia
Li, K., Jia, J., Wu, N., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.1067869 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“, 2021) mainly composed of glucan, proteins, chitin, and other natural polymers (Meyer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTilted Arch; Implementation of Additive Manufacturing and Bio-Welding of Mycelium-Based Composites
Modanloo, B., Ghazvinian, A., Matini, M., & Andaroodi, E. (2021) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics6040068 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The industrial potential of fungi in areas ranging from food production to medical biotechnology has been studied for a long time [3].”
BackgroundHappacher, I., Aguiar, M. M., Yap, A., Decristoforo, C., & Haas, H. (2023) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20220252 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
An Anatomy of Fungal Eye: Fungal Photoreceptors and Signalling Mechanisms
Bayram, Ö., & Bayram, Ö. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9050591 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These versatile organisms are friends and foes of mankind since they are used as food sources, food additives, fermentation agents, producers of enzymes and sources of bioactive compounds and they are plant, animal and human pathogens [3].”
BackgroundColony growth and biofilm formation of Aspergillus niger under simulated microgravity
Cortesão, M., Holland, G., Schütze, T., Laue, M., Moeller, R., & Meyer, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.975763 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is valuably utilized in modern-day biotechnology and plays an important role in the transition to a bio-based circular economy (Cairns et al., 2018; Meyer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRaman, R., Das, P., Aggarwal, R., Buch, R., Palanisamy, B., Basant, T., Baid, U., Viswanathan, P. K., Subramaniam, N., & Nedungadi, P. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17125342 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Müller, C., Klemm, S., & Fleck, C. (2021) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-020-04270-2 · Cited by 29
Schmidt, B., Freidank-Pohl, C., Zillessen, J., Stelzer, L., Guitar, T. N., Lühr, C., Müller, H., Zhang, F., Hammel, J., Briesen, H., et al. (2023) · Fungal Biology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40694-023-00169-8 · Cited by 28
“Thus, fungal biomaterials are predicted to play a vital role in developing a sustainable bioeconomy and can help achieve the United Nations development goals of sustainable communities, responsible consumption, and the mitigation of climate change [3, 4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGradient porous structures of mycelium: a quantitative structure–mechanical property analysis
Olivero, E., Gawrońska, E., Manimuda, P., Jivani, D., Chaggan, F. Z., Corey, Z., de Almeida, T. S., Kaplan-Bie, J., McIntyre, G., Wodo, O., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45842-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Non-Mammalian Eukaryotic Expression Systems Yeast and Fungi in the Production of Biologics
Garvey, M. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8111179 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Fungi growing as a yeast morphology have historically been used in the production of food and beverages [25].”
Laible, A. R., Dinius, A., Schrader, M., Krull, R., Kwade, A., Briesen, H., & Schmideder, S. (2021) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.202100075 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adamatzky, A., Ayres, P., Beasley, A. E., Chiolerio, A., Dehshibi, M. M., Gandia, A., Albergati, E., Mayne, R., Nikolaidou, A., Roberts, N., et al. (2021) · Biosyst. · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.11231 · Cited by 28
“Such properties are useful, and could be necessary for organic electronics used in applications such as unconventional living architecture [6], soft and self-growing robots [33, 54, 52, 37] and development of intelligent materials from fungi [45, 39, 41, 69] and bacteria [23].”
BackgroundGreen Technology for Fungal Protein Extraction—A Review
Ahmed, T., Suzauddula, M., Akter, K., Hossen, M., & Islam, M. N. (2024) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations11060186 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bonga, K. B., Bertolacci, L., Contardi, M., Paul, U. C., Zafar, M. S., Mancini, G., Marini, L., Ceseracciu, L., Fragouli, D., & Athanassiou, A. (2024) · Macromolecular Materials and Engineering · doi:10.1002/mame.202300449 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Microplastics supply contaminants in food chain: non-negligible threat to health safety
Xu, H.-W., Hu, Z., Sun, Y.-Y., Xu, J., Huang, L., Yao, W., Yu, Z., & Xie, Y. (2024) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-024-02076-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Several major types of MPs have been reported, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide (PA) (Meyer et al., 2020) (Shown in Table 1).”
From Nature to Design: Tailoring Pure Mycelial Materials for the Needs of Tomorrow
Whabi, V., Yu, B., & Xu, J.-P. (2024) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof10030183 · Cited by 26
“As such, there is growing interest, both academic and industrial, in this field of ‘fungineering’ and developing better materials on-route to the transition toward a circular bioeconomy [9].”
BackgroundAlazzam, F., Aldrou, K., Berezivskyy, Z., Zaverbnyj, A., & Borutska, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Impacts · doi:10.18280/ijei.060401 · Cited by 26
“Thus, scientists [8, 9] note that the bioeconomic direction of scientific research has been identified as relevant, covering many subject areas and has broad interdisciplinary connections, which at the same time, has not yet been sufficiently researched.”
Li, J., Wiebenga, A., Lipzen, A., Ng, V., Tejomurthula, S., Zhang, Y., Grigoriev, I., Peng, M., & de Vries, R. D. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9080860 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The plant biomassdegrading enzymes from these fungi have been widely used in many industrial sectors, such as biofuels, biochemicals, paper and pulp, food, feed, detergents, and textiles [3].”
BackgroundExploring the Binding Capacity of Mycelium and Wood-Based Composites for Use in Construction
Saez, D., Grizmann, D., Trautz, M., & Werner, A. (2022) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics7020078 · Cited by 26
“The selection of beechwood as the substrate is a consequence of this research team’s previous investigati ns [2,4,10].”
Background
- Authors
- Meyer, V., Basenko, E. Y., Benz, J. P., Braus, G. H., Caddick, M. X., Csukai, M., de Vries, R. P., Endy, D., Frisvad, J. C., Gunde-Cimerman, N., Haarmann, T., Hadar, Y., Hansen, K., Johnson, R. I., Keller, N. P., Kraševec, N., Mortensen, U. H., Perez, R., Ram, A. F. J., Record, E., Ross, P., Shapaval, V., Steiniger, C., van den Brink, H., van Munster, J., Yarden, O., & Wösten, H. A. B.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Berlin (DE)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Syngenta (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Stanford University (US)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- ABEnzymes (Germany) (DE)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Novozymes (Denmark) (DK)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Institute of Chemistry (SI)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NO)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Vera
- ORCID
- Meyer, Vera
- Basenko, Evelina Y.
- Benz, J. Philipp
- Braus, Gerhard H.
- Caddick, Mark X.
- Csukai, Michael
- de Vries, Ronald P.
- Endy, Drew
- Frisvad, Jens C.
- Gunde-Cimerman, Nina
- Haarmann, Thomas
- Hadar, Yitzhak
- Hansen, Kim
- Keller, Nancy P.
- Kraševec, Nada
- Mortensen, Uffe H.
- Perez, Rolando
- Ram, Arthur F. J.
- Record, Eric
- Shapaval, Volha
- Steiniger, Charlotte
- van Munster, Jolanda
- Yarden, Oded
- Wösten, Han A. B.
- Venue
- Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2020-04-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-5
- ISSN
- 2054-3085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7140391
- OpenAlex
- W3015382627
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Fungal Biology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/P011462/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- fungal biotechnology, circular economy, bioeconomy, fungal cell factories, biofuels, bio-based chemicals, bio-based materials, food security, climate change mitigation, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, Sustainable Development Goals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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