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Cited by 515Bioeconomy and Sustainability DevelopmentMicrobial Metabolic Engineering and BioproductionFungal and yeast genetics research

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Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology: a white paper

Open access
Meyer, Vera, Basenko, Evelina Y., Benz, J. Philipp, Braus, Gerhard H., Caddick, Mark X., Csukai, Michael, de Vries, Ronald P., Endy, Drew, Frisvad, Jens C., Gunde-Cimerman, Nina, Haarmann, Thomas, Hadar, Yitzhak, Hansen, Kim, Johnson, Robert I., Keller, Nancy P., Kraševec, Nada, Mortensen, Uffe H., Perez, Rolando, Ram, Arthur F. J., Record, Eric, Ross, Phil, Shapaval, Volha, Steiniger, Charlotte, van den Brink, Hans, van Munster, Jolanda, Yarden, Oded, Wösten, Han A. B.·2020·Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
DOI 10.1186/s40694-020-00095-zPMC PMC7140391
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Abstract

Fungi have the ability to transform organic materials into a rich and diverse set of useful products and provide distinct opportunities for tackling the urgent challenges before all humans. Fungal biotechnology can advance the transition from our petroleum-based economy into a bio-based circular economy and has the ability to sustainably produce resilient sources of food, feed, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and materials for construction, automotive and transportation industries, for furniture and beyond. Fungal biotechnology offers solutions for securing, stabilizing and enhancing the food supply for a growing human population, while simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Fungal biotechnology has, thus, the potential to make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation and meeting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of new and established fungal cell factories. The White Paper presented here is the result of the 2nd Think Tank meeting held by the EUROFUNG consortium in Berlin in October 2019. This paper highlights discussions on current opportunities and research challenges in fungal biotechnology and aims to inform scientists, educators, the general public, industrial stakeholders and policymakers about the current fungal biotech revolution.

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Figures

Fig. 1 The fungal life cycle
Fig. 1 The fungal life cycleCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Industries profiting from the metabolic capacities of filamentous fungi
Fig. 2 Industries profiting from the metabolic capacities of filamentous fungiCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Unique textural attributes of Quorn™. Electron microscopic images of protein fibres from spun soya and chicken and hyphal filaments of F. venenatum. Bar, 100 µm
Fig. 3 Unique textural attributes of Quorn™. Electron microscopic images of protein fibres from spun soya and chicken and hyphal filaments of F. venenatum. Bar, 100 µmCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 The Quorn™ fermentation process. A continuous supply of medium is fed into the fermenter and the broth is harvested simultaneously. The harvested broth is heated to a temperature that destroys proteases but leaves RNAses active, allowing the RNA content of the mycelium to be reduced to less than 2%, which is a regulatory requirement. Once the broth has been heat-treated, the mycelium is spun down to form a paste, which is mixed with binders and flavouring agents before being shaped, cooked and frozen. The supernatant from the paste is currently sent for treatment as wastewater, but active research at Marlow Foods is looking into how the 1.5% solids in the waste can be recovered as a food grade co-product
Fig. 4 The Quorn™ fermentation process. A continuous supply of medium is fed into the fermenter and the broth is harvested simultaneously. The harvested broth is heated to a temperature that destroys proteases but leaves RNAses active, allowing the RNA content of the mycelium to be reduced to less than 2%, which is a regulatory requirement. Once the broth has been heat-treated, the mycelium is spun down to form a paste, which is mixed with binders and flavouring agents before being shaped, cooked and frozen. The supernatant from the paste is currently sent for treatment as wastewater, but active research at Marlow Foods is looking into how the 1.5% solids in the waste can be recovered as a food grade co-productCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Material properties that can be achieved with fungal mycelia. a Mycelium composites. b Mycelium textiles. The pictures depicted are reproduced from [45], which has been published under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Fig. 5 Material properties that can be achieved with fungal mycelia. a Mycelium composites. b Mycelium textiles. The pictures depicted are reproduced from [45], which has been published under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 MycoWorks’ fungal analogues for composites and leather. a Analogues for synthetic wood composites and expanded polystyrene foams. Mushrooms are very sensitive to their surroundings, and it is possible by altering subtle factors to make their tissue express a range of variably determined physical characteristics. While these materials can be grown into building components for construction and interior architectures, they can also be grown with delicately tuneable qualities. The strength, durability and biodegradable nature of mushroom-based materials suggest many ways in which fungi may be used. When the material is processed with traditional industrial wrapping and laminating equipment, it is possible to create functional materials. b Analogues for animal leather. The MycoWorks technology is able to tune fine mycelium leather to have material advantages similar to animal skin, becoming supple, elastic and strong, with excellent return, drape, compression and insulation. This mycelium leather, launched in early 2020 as Reishi™, has been designed as a drop-in material for existing leather processing machine tools, where it can be cured, finished and manufactured using well-honed industrial techniques and formulas
Fig. 6 MycoWorks’ fungal analogues for composites and leather. a Analogues for synthetic wood composites and expanded polystyrene foams. Mushrooms are very sensitive to their surroundings, and it is possible by altering subtle factors to make their tissue express a range of variably determined physical characteristics. While these materials can be grown into building components for construction and interior architectures, they can also be grown with delicately tuneable qualities. The strength, durability and biodegradable nature of mushroom-based materials suggest many ways in which fungi may be used. When the material is processed with traditional industrial wrapping and laminating equipment, it is possible to create functional materials. b Analogues for animal leather. The MycoWorks technology is able to tune fine mycelium leather to have material advantages similar to animal skin, becoming supple, elastic and strong, with excellent return, drape, compression and insulation. This mycelium leather, launched in early 2020 as Reishi™, has been designed as a drop-in material for existing leather processing machine tools, where it can be cured, finished and manufactured using well-honed industrial techniques and formulasCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 From science to market—the fungicide discovery and approval pipeline. Historically, the biological activity profile (fungicidal potency and spectrum) was used to filter hit compounds to lead molecules. Nowadays, regulatory requirements regarding human and ecotoxicological safety mean that proxy assays for these regulatory requirements are now utilised as early in the discovery pipeline as possible as part of the selection criteria for compound progression. It will typically take 10–12 years for a new fungicide to pass through the various stages of research (lead generation, early and late lead evaluation, optimisation and candidate confirmation) before promotion into evaluation and, finally, product development. After reaching the market, a significant amount of investment is still required for product lifecycle management (e.g. product monitoring feeds into improvements in formulation)
Fig. 7 From science to market—the fungicide discovery and approval pipeline. Historically, the biological activity profile (fungicidal potency and spectrum) was used to filter hit compounds to lead molecules. Nowadays, regulatory requirements regarding human and ecotoxicological safety mean that proxy assays for these regulatory requirements are now utilised as early in the discovery pipeline as possible as part of the selection criteria for compound progression. It will typically take 10–12 years for a new fungicide to pass through the various stages of research (lead generation, early and late lead evaluation, optimisation and candidate confirmation) before promotion into evaluation and, finally, product development. After reaching the market, a significant amount of investment is still required for product lifecycle management (e.g. product monitoring feeds into improvements in formulation)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Fungal biotechnology has the potential to make a significant contribution meeting 10 out of 17 United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of filamentous fungal cell factories
Fig. 8 Fungal biotechnology has the potential to make a significant contribution meeting 10 out of 17 United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of filamentous fungal cell factoriesCC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 155 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

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  2. Moore D, Chiu SW. Fungal products as food. In: Pointing SB, Hyde KD, editors. Bio-exploitation of filamentous fungi., Fungal Diversity Research Series 6London: Fungal Diversity Press; 2001. p. 223–51.
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Metadata

Authors
Meyer, V., Basenko, E. Y., Benz, J. P., Braus, G. H., Caddick, M. X., Csukai, M., de Vries, R. P., Endy, D., Frisvad, J. C., Gunde-Cimerman, N., Haarmann, T., Hadar, Y., Hansen, K., Johnson, R. I., Keller, N. P., Kraševec, N., Mortensen, U. H., Perez, R., Ram, A. F. J., Record, E., Ross, P., Shapaval, V., Steiniger, C., van den Brink, H., van Munster, J., Yarden, O., & Wösten, H. A. B.
Affiliations
  • Technische Universität Berlin (DE)
  • University of Liverpool (GB)
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • University of Göttingen (DE)
  • Syngenta (United Kingdom) (GB)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • Technical University of Denmark (DK)
  • ABEnzymes (Germany) (DE)
  • Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
  • Novozymes (Denmark) (DK)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • National Institute of Chemistry (SI)
  • Leiden University (NL)
  • Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NO)
  • Chr. Hansen (Denmark) (DK)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author
Meyer, Vera
ORCID
Venue
Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-04-02
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
5-5
ISSN
2054-3085 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40694-020-00095-z
PMC
PMC7140391
OpenAlex
W3015382627
Cited by
515
References
155
Citations by year
2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 19
FWCI
11.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Fungal Biology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/P011462/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Keywords
fungal biotechnology, circular economy, bioeconomy, fungal cell factories, biofuels, bio-based chemicals, bio-based materials, food security, climate change mitigation, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, Sustainable Development Goals

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