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Cited by 62Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesSport Psychology and PerformanceSports injuries and prevention

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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) Scores over Time After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

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Sell, Timothy C., Zerega, Ryan, King, Victoria, Reiter, Charles R., Wrona, Hailey, Bullock, Garrett S., Mills, Nilani, Räisänen, Anu, Ledbetter, Leila, Collins, Gary S., Kvist, Joanna, Filbay, Stephanie R., Losciale, Justin M.·2024·Sports Medicine - Open
DOI 10.1186/s40798-024-00712-wPMC PMC11061071
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Abstract

Background: Psychological readiness is an important consideration for athletes and clinicians when making return to sport decisions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). To improve our understanding of the extent of deficits in psychological readiness, a systematic review is necessary. Objective: To investigate psychological readiness (measured via the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI)) over time after ACL tear and understand if time between injury and surgery, age, and sex are associated with ACL-RSI scores. Methods: Seven databases were searched from the earliest date available to March 22, 2022. Articles reporting ACL-RSI scores after ACL tear were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I, RoB-2, and RoBANS tools based on the study design. Evidence certainty was assessed for each analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses pooled ACL-RSI scores, stratified by time post-injury and based on treatment approach (i.e., early ACLR, delayed ACLR, and unclear approach). Results: A total of 83 studies were included in this review (78% high risk of bias). Evidence certainty was ‘weak’ or ‘limited’ for all analyses. Overall, ACL-RSI scores were higher at 3 to 6 months post-ACLR (mean = 61.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 58.6, 64.4], I 2 = 94%) compared to pre-ACLR (mean = 44.4 [95% CI 38.2, 50.7], I 2 = 98%), remained relatively stable, until they reached the highest point 2 to 5 years after ACLR (mean = 70.7 [95% CI 63.0, 78.5], I 2 = 98%). Meta-regression suggests shorter time from injury to surgery, male sex, and older age were associated with higher ACL-RSI scores only 3 to 6 months post-ACLR (heterogeneity explained R 2 = 47.6%), and this reduced 1–2 years after ACLR (heterogeneity explained R 2 = 27.0%). Conclusion: Psychological readiness to return to sport appears to improve early after ACL injury, with little subsequent improvement until ≥ 2-years after ACLR. Longer time from injury to surgery, female sex and older age might be negatively related to ACL-RSI scores 12–24 months after ACLR. Due to the weak evidence quality rating and the considerable importance of psychological readiness for long-term outcomes after ACL injury, there is an urgent need for well-designed studies that maximize internal validity and identify additional prognostic factors for psychological readiness at times critical for return to sport decisions. Registration: Open Science Framework (OSF), https://osf.io/2tezs/.

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Figures

Fig. 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Flowchart
Fig. 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) FlowchartCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Forest Plots for the pooled ACL-RSI scores for all studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post ACL tear. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysis
Fig. 2 Forest Plots for the pooled ACL-RSI scores for all studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post ACL tear. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysisCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for only early ACLR studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies classified as early ACLR, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post early ACLR. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post early ACLR. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post early ACLR. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysis
Fig. 3 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for only early ACLR studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies classified as early ACLR, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post early ACLR. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post early ACLR. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post early ACLR. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysisCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for only late ACLR studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95% Confidence interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies classified as delayed ACLR, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post late ACLR. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post late ACLR. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post late ACLR. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post late ACLR. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysis
Fig. 4 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for only late ACLR studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95% Confidence interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies classified as delayed ACLR, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post late ACLR. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post late ACLR. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post late ACLR. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post late ACLR. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysisCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for all unclear studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies with unclear treatment strategy, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post ACL tear. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysis
Fig. 5 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for all unclear studies, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval [CI]) ACL-RSI score for all studies with unclear treatment strategy, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 1 to 2-years post ACL tear. E Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysisCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for studies where there was an intention to RTS, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval) ACL-RSI score for all studies that were judged to have an intent to return-to-sport, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysis
Fig. 6 Pooled ACL-RSI scores for studies where there was an intention to RTS, stratified by time. Forest plot for the pooled mean (95%Confidence Interval) ACL-RSI score for all studies that were judged to have an intent to return-to-sport, stratified by time since ACL tear. A Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) pre-ACLR. B Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 3 to 6-months post ACL tear. C Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 7 to 12-months post ACL tear. D Forest plot for ACL-RSI scores pooled mean (95% confidence interval) from 2 to 5-years post ACL tear. ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport Index; MRAW, Raw mean was used for analysisCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Sell, T. C., Zerega, R., King, V., Reiter, C. R., Wrona, H., Bullock, G. S., Mills, N., Räisänen, A., Ledbetter, L., Collins, G. S., Kvist, J., Filbay, S. R., & Losciale, J. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • University of Calgary (CA)
  • Duke University (US)
  • Linköping University (SE)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
Losciale, Justin M.
ORCID
Venue
Sports Medicine - Open
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-04-30
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
49-49
ISSN
2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40798-024-00712-w
PMC
PMC11061071
OpenAlex
W4396558289
Cited by
62
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 28
FWCI
5.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Keywords
anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, return to sport, psychological readiness, ACL-RSI, anterior cruciate ligament rupture, athletes, time to surgery, sex differences, age, delayed ACL reconstruction, risk of bias in observational studies, risk of bias in randomized trials

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