The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies
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INTRODUCTION: The link between metabolic syndrome and depression has always been controversial. Different studies that have examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression have reported different results. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the association between depression and MetS by meta-analysis. METHODS: Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were searched for publications in English from January 1990 to February 2020. Search included cohort and cross-sectional studies aimed at examining the association between depression and MetS. The risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted. RESULTS: 49 studies with total sample size 399,494 were analyzed. Results indicated the odds of MetS was higher in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals [OR: 1.48; 95 %CI: 1.33-1.64) vs. (OR: 1.38; 95 %CI: 1.17-1.64)]. For cross-sectional studies, depressed patients in Europe (OR = 1.35; 95 %CI: 1.47-1.99) were at higher odds of MetS compared to those in America and Asia. For cohort studies, depressed patients in America (OR = 1.46; 95 %CI: 1.16-1.84) were at higher odds of MetS than those in Europe. Cross-sectional studies indicated women with depression were at higher odds of MetS (OR = 1.95; 95 %CI: 1.38-2.74) compared to men. In both types of studies, the odds of MetS decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome is more common in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals.
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People with MDD are 1.38 times more likely than the general population to develop the metabolic syndrome (95% CI 1.17-1.64).
“People with MDD are 1.38 (95% CI: 1.17-1.64) times more likely than the general population to develop the metabolic syndrome63, while people with the metabolic syndrome are 1.49 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) times more likely to develop MDD10.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [63]
The Results section, “Meta-analysis of cohort studies” (page unavailable), reports a pooled risk ratio of 1.38 (95% CI 1.17–1.64) for metabolic syndrome in people with depression. The estimate pools studies using several depression measures, so it is not specific to diagnosed MDD; the relevant comparison is with people without depression, not the general population as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Moradi, Y., Albatineh, A. N., Mahmoodi, H., & Gheshlagh, R. G.
- Affiliations
- Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Kuwait University (KW)
- Corresponding author
- Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei
- Venue
- Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-4
- ISSN
- 2055-8260 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7923824
- OpenAlex
- W3135765840
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- depression, metabolic syndrome, sex differences, age differences, regional variation
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