The DOI matches its Crossref record; 258 of the 259 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response
Open accessAbstract
The role of redox molecules, such as NO and ROS, as key mediators of immunity has recently garnered renewed interest and appreciation. To regulate immune responses, these species trigger the eradication of pathogens on the one hand and modulate immunosuppression during tissue-restoration and wound-healing processes on the other. In the acidic environment of the phagosome, a variety of RNS and ROS is produced, thereby providing a cauldron of redox chemistry, which is the first line in fighting infection. Interestingly, fluctuations in the levels of these same reactive intermediates orchestrate other phases of the immune response. NO activates specific signal transduction pathways in tumor cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. As ROS can react directly with NO-forming RNS, NO bioavailability and therefore, NO response(s) are changed. The NO/ROS balance is also important during Th1 to Th2 transition. In this review, we discuss the chemistry of NO and ROS in the context of antipathogen activity and immune regulation and also discuss similarities and differences between murine and human production of these intermediates.
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In the citing paper
“nNOS and eNOS, which are expressed constitutively, produce a low level of NO for short periods (seconds to minutes).447”
From Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development (2023) · cites this paper as [447]
In the citing paper
“At present, three types of NOS have been identified, including neuronal NOS (nNOS, also named as NOS1), endothelial NOS (eNOS, also named as NOS3), and inducible NOS (iNOS, also named as NOS2).447”
From Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development (2023) · cites this paper as [447]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular communication and immune response are mediated by at least five classes of endogenously generated reactive small molecules (Figure 1): nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), eicosanoids and reactive lipid species (formed by oxidation of fatty acids), a variety of sulfur-based species such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thiols and disul”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“An additional mechanism for IL-10 production is through NO-dependent increases of COX2 [3, 57]].”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In chronic disease, involving extended exposure to pathogens or particulates such as plaques in the brain or following a critical mutation, wound healing processes persist and can lead to fibrosis or tumor growth [3].”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“These molecules can act as sensors to steer signaling cascades during inflammation, for example from a T helper (Th) 1 to a Th2 cytokine response [3, 87].”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In the phagosome, iron deposition facilitates the sterilization process in conjunction with ROS and nitrite [3].”
From Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Lysis of Staphylococcus bacteria involves the sequential exposure to respiratory burst followed by •NO exposure [126].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“•NO and RNS eradicate bacteria by nitrosylation and oxidation of bacterial macromolecules [126].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“The •NO/ROS balance is also important during the transition from Th1 to Th2 [125,126].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Recognition of bacteria by macrophages leads to ROS production in different cellular compartments, where they fulfill different antibacterial functions.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [234]
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Freitas, Í. N., de Souza, S. S., da Luz, T. M., Gomes, L. A. S., Gonçalves, S. D. O., Ahmed, M. A. I., Guimarães, A. T. B., & Malafaia, G. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3989403
Development of a microtiter plate-based analysis method of nitric oxide dioxygenase activity
Nasuno, R., Iwai, N., & Takagi, H. (2022) · The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.2323/jgam.2021.07.001
Cell-Autonomous Defenses Against Intracellular Bacteria and Protozoa
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KillingMycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro: What Model Systems Can Teach Us
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wink, D. A., Hines, H. B., Cheng, R. Y. S., Switzer, C. H., Flores-Santana, W., Vitek, M. P., Ridnour, L. A., & Colton, C. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (US)
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wink, David A
- Colton, Carol A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-01-13
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 873-891
- ISSN
- 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3673
- PMC
- PMC3100761
- OpenAlex
- W2171480404
- Cited by
- 765
- References
- 259
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031845, R01AG031124)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, redox signaling, immune regulation, phagosome, immunosuppression, wound healing, Th1/Th2 balance, signal transduction, pathogen eradication
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Nitric Oxide, Oxidation-Reduction, Signal Transduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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