Maternal and paternal depression and child mental health trajectories: evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
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Background: The relationships between offspring depression profiles across adolescence and different timings of parental depression during the perinatal period remain unknown. Aims: To explore different timings of maternal and paternal perinatal depression in relation to patterns of change in offspring depressive mood over a 14 year period. Method: Data were obtained from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Parental antenatal depression (ANTD) was assessed at 18 weeks gestation, and postnatal depression (PNTD) at 8 weeks postpartum. Population-averaged trajectories of offspring depressive symptoms were estimated using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) on nine occasions between 10 and 24 years of age. Results: Full data were available for 5029 individuals. Offspring exposed to both timings of maternal depression had higher depressive symptoms across adolescence compared with offspring not exposed to ANTD or PNTD, characterised by higher depressive symptoms at age 16 (7.07 SMFQ points (95% CI = 6.19, 7.95; P < 0.001)) and a greater rate of linear change (0.698 SMFQ points (95% CI = 0.47, 0.93; P = 0.002)). Isolated maternal ANTD and to a lesser extent PNTD were also both associated with higher depressive symptoms at age 16, yet isolated maternal PNTD showed greater evidence for an increased rate of linear change across adolescence. A similar pattern was observed for paternal ANTD and PNTD, although effect sizes were attenuated. Conclusions: This study adds to the literature demonstrating that exposure to two timings of maternal depression (ANTD and PNTD) is strongly associated with greater offspring trajectories of depressive symptoms.
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Untreated mental health problems during pregnancy often continue into the postpartum period, with untoward effects on child development, such as compromised parent-child bonding, decrements in IQ, and risk of depression in adolescence.
“Finally, untreated mental health problems during pregnancy often continue into the postpartum period, with untoward effects on child development, such as compromised parent-child bonding, decrements in IQ, and risk of depression in adolescence.19,44”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Rajyaguru, P., Kwong, A. S. F., Braithwaite, E., & Pearson, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rajyaguru, Priya
- Venue
- BJPsych Open
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e166-e166
- ISSN
- 2056-4724 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8485341
- OpenAlex
- W3169198986
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BJPsych Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), 217065/Z/19/Z, 102215, 102215/2/13/, R01 DK10324)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP/2007/2013)
- University of Bristol (R01 DK10324, 102215/2/13/2)
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institutes of Health (R01 DK10324, FP/2007-2013, DK10324, 102215/2/13/2)
- Medical Research Council (102215, 102215/2/13/2, MC_PC_15018, MC_PC_19009)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/V011650/1)
- H2020 European Research Council (758813)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- maternal depression, paternal depression, perinatal depression, antenatal depression, postpartum depression, depressive symptom trajectories, adolescence, child mental health
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