First-episode major depression in adolescents: Affective, cognitive and endocrine characteristics of risk status and predictors of onset
Open accessAbstract
Background: There is little information on whether patterns of steroids precede and are associated with depressive onset. Aims: To establish whether there is an association between salivary cortisol and/or dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and depression independent of psychosocial risk. Method: Two subgroups of adolescents in the community at high (n=181) and low (n=65) risk for psychopathology were interviewed for recent psychiatric disorder at entry and again at 12 months. Salivary samples (08.00 and 20.00 h) for hormone estimations and self-reports on current mood and cognitive style were obtained at both assessments. Results: Neither hormone was associated with risk status, current mood or cognitive style at entry. Of 31 onsets of major depression that occurred over the next 12 months, 30 came from the high-risk group but were not associated with any particular pattern of risk. Increased negative mood and feelings and DHEA (08.00 h) hypersecretion at entry were associated with subsequent major depression. Conclusions: Both negative mood and feelings and alterations in adrenal steroid function precede the onset of first-episode major depression in adolescents. Variation in levels of hormones may arise from more distal origins than recent life events and current ongoing difficulties.
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Recent undesirable events and subclinical depressive symptoms correlate with subsequent onset of major depressive disorder in adolescents.
“Recent undesirable events and subclinical Recent undesirable events and subclinical depressive symptoms are known to corre-depressive symptoms are known to correlate with subsequent onset of major de-late with subsequent onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents pressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents (Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn et al et al, 1995;Goodyer , 1995;Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
From Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents (2000) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al, 2000
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper reports that higher baseline MFQ depressive-symptom scores were significantly associated with subsequent MDD. But “Risk factors at entry and subsequent MDD” reports no significant difference in measured risk-factor exposure between high-risk adolescents who did and did not develop MDD. Recent undesirable events were common in both groups, so this paper does not establish the claimed association for those events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA previous paper showed that the onset of MDD occurs in 90% of cases from the high-risk population with antecedent ongoing psychosocial adversities.
“A previous paper showed that the onset A previous paper showed that the onset of MDD occurs in of MDD occurs in 4 490% of cases from the 90% of cases from the high-risk population with antecedent high-risk population with antecedent ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer et al et al, 2000).”
From Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents (2000) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al, 2000
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper says 90% of MDD cases were preceded by two or more undesirable life events in the year before entry. It does not establish that those adversities were ongoing. In “Onsets of major depression by 12-month follow-up” (page unavailable), it reports that 30 of 172 high-risk subjects (17%) developed MDD—not 90% of the high-risk group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMean salivary DHEA at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent MDD in a combined analysis of both low- and high-risk adolescents.
“It has already been suggested that mean salivary DHEA been suggested that mean salivary DHEA at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent MDD in a combined analysis of both low-MDD in a combined analysis of both lowand high-risk adolescents (Goodyer and high-risk adolescents (Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
From Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents (2000) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al, 2000
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- Authors
- Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goodyer, I. M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 142-149
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2116112775
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- adolescents, salivary cortisol, negative mood, psychosocial risks, cognitive style, depression biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Child, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Risk Factors, Saliva, Sex Factors, Biomarkers, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
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