The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Background: It is not clear whether cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hypersecretion increases the risk for major depression in the presence of undesirable life events. Aims: To determine whether there is a specific pattern of psychoendocrine factors that predicts the onset of major depressive disorder. Method: 180 adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) at high risk for psychopathology were assessed for cortisol, DHEA, depressive symptoms, life events and psychiatric disorder at entry and 12 months later. Results: Major depression was predicted for both genders by the additive effects of: higher depressive symptoms; personal disappointments and losses only in the month before onset; one or more daily levels of cortisol at 08.00 h or DHEA at 20.00 h greater than the 80th percentile of the daily mean. Conclusions: A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In high-risk adolescents, onset of DSM-IV major depression over 12 months was predicted by recent proximal disappointments/losses, higher depressive symptoms, and daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening DHEA. These psychosocial and endocrine predictors appeared independent.
Key findings
- Of 171 reassessed adolescents, 30 (18%) had an onset of DSM-IV major depression. Cases were more likely than non-cases to have undesirable events only in the preceding month: 18/30 (60%) v. 31/141 (22%), exact test P=0.0001, odds ratio 5.4 (95% CI 2.4–12.2); general event burden over 12 months did not differ.
- In conditional fixed-effects logistic regression, only disappointments (OR 58.9, P=0.0001, 95% CI 7.0–495.5) and permanent losses (OR 8.8, P=0.004, 95% CI 2.02–38.6) in the month before onset predicted MDD, along with lower mood and feelings scores (OR 1.1, P=0.051, 95% CI 1.00–1.13).
- Peak cortisol at 08.00 h (OR 7.1, P=0.008, 95% CI 1.67–30.4) and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (OR 4.2, P=0.02, 95% CI 1.2–14.7) predicted subsequent MDD; absolute mean hormone levels did not contribute to the model.
- Peak-positive status was unrelated to life events or MFQ scores, and only 16/30 (53%) MDD episodes were preceded by a disappointment or loss event.
Methods
- Prospective high-risk sample: 1451 adolescents screened; 180 high-risk adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) entered, and 171 completed psychosocial and endocrine follow-up; 30 MDD onsets occurred.
- Measures at entry and 12 months included Kiddie-SADS, life events interview, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and salivary cortisol and DHEA at 08.00 h and 20.00 h over 4 consecutive days; a peak was defined a priori as one or more level greater than the 80th percentile of the daily group mean (by gender, and by age for DHEA).
- Analysis used exact statistics, Bonferroni-corrected ANOVA on log-transformed continuous data, and conditional fixed-effects logistic regression to predict MDD onset.
Limitations
- Stated: the small number of boys with depression limited gender analyses; only 4 days of saliva collection were undertaken and the validity of the peak measure requires further investigation; it remains unclear whether peaks are psychopathologically significant only in high-risk adolescents; the design was not adequate to test physiological reactivity to minor events or hassles; nearly all subjects were post-pubertal, so puberty-related endocrine risk could not be assessed; findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk.
- Evident from the text: the observational design cannot establish causality, and life events and mood were assessed by self-report.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 14 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A previous paper showed that the onset A previous paper showed that the onset of MDD occurs in of MDD occurs in 4 490% of cases from the 90% of cases from the high-risk population with antecedent high-risk population with antecedent ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer et al et al, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper says 90% of MDD cases were preceded by two or more undesirable life events in the year before entry. It does not establish that those adversities were ongoing. In “Onsets of major depression by 12-month follow-up” (page unavailable), it reports that 30 of 172 high-risk subjects (17%) developed MDD—not 90% of the high-risk group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A A post hoc post hoc examination of the characteris-examination of the characteristics of this high-risk sample showed no tics of this high-risk sample showed no difference in MFQ scores at entry between difference in MFQ scores at entry between those onsets with identified proximal events those onsets with identified proximal events (`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.(`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.11.77”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who were peak-positive for corti-Those who were peak-positive for cortisol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were signifi-sol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were significantly older than those who were not cantly older than those who were not”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no association between the There was no association between the proportions of subjects who were cortisol proportions of subjects who were cortisol and DHEA peak-positive at either time and DHEA peak-positive at either time point.point.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR7.1;7.1; P P0.008, 95% CI 0.008, 95% CI1.67±30.4)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“Cortisol peaks 08.00 h Cortisol peaks 08.00 h 7.1 7.1 0.008 0.008 1.67^30.41.67^30.4”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper shows, for the first time, This paper shows, for the first time, that the occurrence of peaks in morning that the occurrence of peaks in morning cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD in high-risk adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict onset.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR4.2, 4.2, P P0.02, 95% CI 0.02, 95% CI1.2±14.7)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“DHEA peaks 20.00 h DHEA peaks 20.00 h 4.2 4.2 0.02 0.02 1.2^14.7 1.2^14.7”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far as recent undesirable life events are con-recent undesirable life events are concerned, only those in the preceding month cerned, only those in the preceding month are associated with the onset of disorder.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant association was found for peak significant association was found for peak cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) v. v. 52/ 52/ 137 (38%), exact test 137 (38%), exact test P P0.012, odds ratio 0.012, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) v. v. 25/136 (18%), 25/136 (18%”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no effect of age for either gender.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable events and subclinical Recent undesirable events and subclinical depressive symptoms are known to corre-depressive symptoms are known to correlate with subsequent onset of major de-late with subsequent onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents pressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents (Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn et al et al, 1995;Goodyer , 1995;Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewinsohn et al, 1995 source
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper reports that higher baseline MFQ depressive-symptom scores were significantly associated with subsequent MDD. But “Risk factors at entry and subsequent MDD” reports no significant difference in measured risk-factor exposure between high-risk adolescents who did and did not develop MDD. Recent undesirable events were common in both groups, so this paper does not establish the claimed association for those events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It has already been suggested that mean salivary DHEA been suggested that mean salivary DHEA at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent MDD in a combined analysis of both low-MDD in a combined analysis of both lowand high-risk adolescents (Goodyer and high-risk adolescents (Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 source
The Method section describes a cohort containing both high- and low-risk adolescents, with salivary samples collected at 08.00 h. The Correlates of major depression section states that higher DHEA at 08.00 h was associated with subsequent MDD, and the Results section reports this association across the study cohort. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1172) (1172)6.24,6.24, P P0.013 (Bonferroni)) but not at 20.00 h.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( girls than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)6.23,6.23, P P0.014) and at 20.00 h ( 0.014) and at 20.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)4.23,4.23, P P0.041).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence that this proximal There is no evidence that this proximal process is influenced by the number of process is influenced by the number of events in the preceding 11 months, or that events in the preceding 11 months, or that it is dependent on social connectivity it is dependent on social connectivity between similar types of events over this between similar types of events over”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disappointments 1 month before onset Disappointments 1 month before onset 58.9 58.9 0.0001 0.0001 7.0^495.57.0^495.5Permanent losses 1 month before onset Permanent losses 1 month before onset 8.8 8.8 0.004 0.004 2.02^38.62.02^38.6”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are associated with the onset of major depressive disorder in high-risk adolescents.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a large diurnal variation in mean There was a large diurnal variation in mean cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much smaller one in DHEA (am:pm ratio 2:1).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.7%; inter-assay variation was 5.6%.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although elevated corticosteroids increase although elevated corticosteroids increase the liability for affective illness (Lewis & the liability for affective illness (Lewis & Smith, 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewis & Smith, 1983 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable life events exert their Recent undesirable life events exert their greatest risk when they occur as additive greatest risk when they occur as additive experiences in multiples greater than 2 over experiences in multiples greater than 2 over the previous 12 months (Goodyer, 1995).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Goodyer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measuring peaks gives a different perspective on endocrine gives a different perspective on endocrine function from determining mean values.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This type of measure has been used to estimate measure has been used to estimate variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in children (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a recent longitudinal study, depressive symptoms longitudinal study, depressive symptoms over 4 years increased the risk for inter-over 4 years increased the risk for internalising disorder, with parent±child dis-nalising disorder, with parent±child disagreements exerting their effects indirectly agreements exerting their effects indirectly by increasing the level of depressive by increasing”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rueter et al, 1999 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As for the latter, it is well known that DHEA for the latter, it is well known that DHEA levels increase during puberty in both boys levels increase during puberty in both boys and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain relatively unaltered (Kroboth relatively unaltered (Kroboth et al et al, 1999;, 1999;Parker, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kroboth et al, 1999; Parker, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk as defined.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.1%, inter-assay variation was 7.4%.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 333Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, it is postulated that rising For example, it is postulated that rising levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are themselves related to increased risk for themselves related to increased risk for MDD in girls (Angold MDD in girls (Angold et al et al, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angold et al, 1999 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The origins of individual variation in peak levels for both hormones variation in peak levels for both hormones may arise in more distal adverse environ-may arise in more distal adverse environments and/or from genetic influences.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“events, further suggesting that these factors events, further suggesting that these factors may be independent.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current design is not an adequate test The current design is not an adequate test of a possible physiological reactivity model of a possible physiological reactivity model where hour-to-hour variation can be a where hour-to-hour variation can be a function of minor events or hassles in function of minor events or hassles in people's lives rather than major events in people's lives rather than”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of the peak measure requires further investigation.Only 4 days requires further investigation.Only 4 days of saliva collection was undertaken and it of saliva collection was undertaken and it is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain a representative sample of subjects liable to a representative sample of subjects liable to `peak'”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in well children it is morning example, in well children it is morning cortisol levels in the highest interquartile cortisol levels in the highest interquartile range, rather than the daily mean, that are range, rather than the daily mean, that are associated with a solitary and negative associated with a solitary and negative affective behavioural style (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings are constrained by the number of daily salivary samples.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of cases prevents more detailed analyses of gender differences.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A subgroup of A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.origin.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a stress-related disorder, major depression is associated with an abnormal stress response system.”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, excessive cortisol release in response to stress and impaired GR-mediated feedback inhibition have been known for decades.120,121”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“prior research has demonstrated unique effects of elevated morning cortisol and of stressful life events in the month prior to depressive onset (Goodyer et al. 2000)”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al. 2000
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“it is elevated morning cortisol that is prospectively predictive of depression (Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2000).”
From Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence (2010) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al., 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported cortisol am:pm ratio conflicts with the reported means
MinorThe stated 12:8 ratio is 1.5:1. Table 2 reports morning and evening cortisol means of 3.23 and 0.47 ng/ml for males, and 3.9 and 0.45 ng/ml for females-approximately 6.9:1 and 8.7:1, respectively.
“cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much”
“Mean Mean 3.23 3.23 0.47 0.47 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.13 3.9 3.9 0.45 0.45 0.34 0.34 0.18 0.18”
Citations
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Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation
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Adolescent depression: Why more girls?
Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537611 · Cited by 691
van Eck, M., Berkhof, H., Nicolson, N., & Sulon, J. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199609000-00007 · Cited by 617
Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls
ANGOLD, A., COSTELLO, E. J., ERKANLI, A., & WORTHMAN, C. M. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008946 · Cited by 592
Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment
Newcomer, J. W. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.527 · Cited by 546
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Goodyer, I. M. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b14457-14
Self-citationUnderstanding psychological implications affecting children of differing Body Mass Index
Shearer, C. A. (2014) · ERA
Early exposure to parental bipolar illness and risk of mood disorder
Doucette, S. (2013) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Baes, C. V. W. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2017.tde-27072016-152342
A Method for Use in Nursing Research
Williams, R. A., Hagerty, B. M., & Brooks, G. (2004)
Essential Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Substance Use Disorders for the Nonpsychiatrist
Weidle, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89488-1_3
Baranger, D. A. A. (2018) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/2npp-kp25
PubertyThis chapter is based in part on the chapter by Susman and Dorn .
Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop206012
Sex differences in hormones and their effect at puberty
Hayward, C. (2003)
AGE, BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH CORTISOL AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE
Louisa, J., Heaney, J., Phillips, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2012)
Seltzer, M. K. (2018) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
(2001) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.274
(2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13357-95
The Biological Mechanisms Underlying Major Depressive Disorder
Zonca, V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00114-6
Penner, F., & Sharp, C. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118686089.ch9
Shome, A., Chawla, P. A., Rangra, N. K., Eyüpoğlu, V., & Rawat, R. (2024) · INDIAN DRUGS · doi:10.53879/id.61.01.14236
Does precocious puberty and its treatment cause the emotional and behavioural problems in children?Preprint
Köprülü, Ö., & Akgül, G. Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835395/v1
Nguyen, T. V., Hahn, E. W., Ta, T. M. T., Nguyen, T. P. M., Nguyen, T. H., Pham, Q. T., Nguyen, D. M., Dieu, T., Nguyen, T. P. T., Vuong, N. T., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320776
“The phenomenon of cortisol hypersecretion has been proposed as a potential biological risk factor for depression, as indicated by Goodyer et al. (2000) [21], because depressed patients exhibited elevated cortisol levels [22].”
The sex-specific role of adrenal androgens in youth psychopathology
Weisner, F. E., Serio, B., Valk, S. L., Bläschke, L., Degenhardt, F., Hinney, A., Hirtz, R., & Dinkelbach, L. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04121-3
“These studies have been dominated by cross-sectional designs [26 – 32], with only limited longitudinal investigations [25, 33 – 35].”
Hu, X., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Sun, Q., Ma, X., Yang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2026) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000004861
Corbett, B. A., McGonigle, T., Ijeli, N., Vandekar, S., Muscatello, R. A., & Sparks, S. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107811
Qi, M., Wang, M., Li, Y., & Cai, X. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117170
Liu, Y., Qi, X., Tao, D., Wu, Y., Yang, J., & Deng, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1899552
“Similar reliance on such proxies has been reported in other studies examining cortisol and DHEA in comparable age groups (e.g., Goodyer et al., 2000; Handley et al., 2023), though we recognize this does not diminish the importance of the issue.”
Stressful life events, social class and symptoms of schizophrenia
Gallagher, B. J., III, Jones, B., & Pardes, M. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.gajo.112013
Short-term mood regulation: Cognitive, neural, and genetic associations
Gillihan, S. J. (2008) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Major Depressive Disorder and Its Related Phenotypes.
Aragam, N. (2011) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goodyer, I. M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 499-504
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2012890086
- Semantic Scholar
- 6c85c649cc75f9d4e0099585c659d58034db3f7b
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adolescents, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, life events, depressive symptoms, high-risk adolescents, psychosocial risk factors, diurnal cortisol rhythm, depression onset
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Puberty, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Saliva, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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