The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Background: It is not clear whether cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hypersecretion increases the risk for major depression in the presence of undesirable life events. Aims: To determine whether there is a specific pattern of psychoendocrine factors that predicts the onset of major depressive disorder. Method: 180 adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) at high risk for psychopathology were assessed for cortisol, DHEA, depressive symptoms, life events and psychiatric disorder at entry and 12 months later. Results: Major depression was predicted for both genders by the additive effects of: higher depressive symptoms; personal disappointments and losses only in the month before onset; one or more daily levels of cortisol at 08.00 h or DHEA at 20.00 h greater than the 80th percentile of the daily mean. Conclusions: A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In high-risk adolescents, onset of DSM-IV major depression over 12 months was predicted by recent proximal disappointments/losses, higher depressive symptoms, and daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening DHEA. These psychosocial and endocrine predictors appeared independent.
Key findings
- Of 171 reassessed adolescents, 30 (18%) had an onset of DSM-IV major depression. Cases were more likely than non-cases to have undesirable events only in the preceding month: 18/30 (60%) v. 31/141 (22%), exact test P=0.0001, odds ratio 5.4 (95% CI 2.4–12.2); general event burden over 12 months did not differ.
- In conditional fixed-effects logistic regression, only disappointments (OR 58.9, P=0.0001, 95% CI 7.0–495.5) and permanent losses (OR 8.8, P=0.004, 95% CI 2.02–38.6) in the month before onset predicted MDD, along with lower mood and feelings scores (OR 1.1, P=0.051, 95% CI 1.00–1.13).
- Peak cortisol at 08.00 h (OR 7.1, P=0.008, 95% CI 1.67–30.4) and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (OR 4.2, P=0.02, 95% CI 1.2–14.7) predicted subsequent MDD; absolute mean hormone levels did not contribute to the model.
- Peak-positive status was unrelated to life events or MFQ scores, and only 16/30 (53%) MDD episodes were preceded by a disappointment or loss event.
Methods
- Prospective high-risk sample: 1451 adolescents screened; 180 high-risk adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) entered, and 171 completed psychosocial and endocrine follow-up; 30 MDD onsets occurred.
- Measures at entry and 12 months included Kiddie-SADS, life events interview, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and salivary cortisol and DHEA at 08.00 h and 20.00 h over 4 consecutive days; a peak was defined a priori as one or more level greater than the 80th percentile of the daily group mean (by gender, and by age for DHEA).
- Analysis used exact statistics, Bonferroni-corrected ANOVA on log-transformed continuous data, and conditional fixed-effects logistic regression to predict MDD onset.
Limitations
- Stated: the small number of boys with depression limited gender analyses; only 4 days of saliva collection were undertaken and the validity of the peak measure requires further investigation; it remains unclear whether peaks are psychopathologically significant only in high-risk adolescents; the design was not adequate to test physiological reactivity to minor events or hassles; nearly all subjects were post-pubertal, so puberty-related endocrine risk could not be assessed; findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk.
- Evident from the text: the observational design cannot establish causality, and life events and mood were assessed by self-report.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 14 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A previous paper showed that the onset A previous paper showed that the onset of MDD occurs in of MDD occurs in 4 490% of cases from the 90% of cases from the high-risk population with antecedent high-risk population with antecedent ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer et al et al, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper says 90% of MDD cases were preceded by two or more undesirable life events in the year before entry. It does not establish that those adversities were ongoing. In “Onsets of major depression by 12-month follow-up” (page unavailable), it reports that 30 of 172 high-risk subjects (17%) developed MDD—not 90% of the high-risk group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A A post hoc post hoc examination of the characteris-examination of the characteristics of this high-risk sample showed no tics of this high-risk sample showed no difference in MFQ scores at entry between difference in MFQ scores at entry between those onsets with identified proximal events those onsets with identified proximal events (`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.(`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.11.77”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who were peak-positive for corti-Those who were peak-positive for cortisol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were signifi-sol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were significantly older than those who were not cantly older than those who were not”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no association between the There was no association between the proportions of subjects who were cortisol proportions of subjects who were cortisol and DHEA peak-positive at either time and DHEA peak-positive at either time point.point.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR7.1;7.1; P P0.008, 95% CI 0.008, 95% CI1.67±30.4)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“Cortisol peaks 08.00 h Cortisol peaks 08.00 h 7.1 7.1 0.008 0.008 1.67^30.41.67^30.4”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper shows, for the first time, This paper shows, for the first time, that the occurrence of peaks in morning that the occurrence of peaks in morning cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD in high-risk adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict onset.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR4.2, 4.2, P P0.02, 95% CI 0.02, 95% CI1.2±14.7)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“DHEA peaks 20.00 h DHEA peaks 20.00 h 4.2 4.2 0.02 0.02 1.2^14.7 1.2^14.7”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far as recent undesirable life events are con-recent undesirable life events are concerned, only those in the preceding month cerned, only those in the preceding month are associated with the onset of disorder.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant association was found for peak significant association was found for peak cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) v. v. 52/ 52/ 137 (38%), exact test 137 (38%), exact test P P0.012, odds ratio 0.012, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) v. v. 25/136 (18%), 25/136 (18%”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no effect of age for either gender.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable events and subclinical Recent undesirable events and subclinical depressive symptoms are known to corre-depressive symptoms are known to correlate with subsequent onset of major de-late with subsequent onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents pressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents (Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn et al et al, 1995;Goodyer , 1995;Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewinsohn et al, 1995 source
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper reports that higher baseline MFQ depressive-symptom scores were significantly associated with subsequent MDD. But “Risk factors at entry and subsequent MDD” reports no significant difference in measured risk-factor exposure between high-risk adolescents who did and did not develop MDD. Recent undesirable events were common in both groups, so this paper does not establish the claimed association for those events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It has already been suggested that mean salivary DHEA been suggested that mean salivary DHEA at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent MDD in a combined analysis of both low-MDD in a combined analysis of both lowand high-risk adolescents (Goodyer and high-risk adolescents (Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 source
The Method section describes a cohort containing both high- and low-risk adolescents, with salivary samples collected at 08.00 h. The Correlates of major depression section states that higher DHEA at 08.00 h was associated with subsequent MDD, and the Results section reports this association across the study cohort. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1172) (1172)6.24,6.24, P P0.013 (Bonferroni)) but not at 20.00 h.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( girls than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)6.23,6.23, P P0.014) and at 20.00 h ( 0.014) and at 20.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)4.23,4.23, P P0.041).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence that this proximal There is no evidence that this proximal process is influenced by the number of process is influenced by the number of events in the preceding 11 months, or that events in the preceding 11 months, or that it is dependent on social connectivity it is dependent on social connectivity between similar types of events over this between similar types of events over”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disappointments 1 month before onset Disappointments 1 month before onset 58.9 58.9 0.0001 0.0001 7.0^495.57.0^495.5Permanent losses 1 month before onset Permanent losses 1 month before onset 8.8 8.8 0.004 0.004 2.02^38.62.02^38.6”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are associated with the onset of major depressive disorder in high-risk adolescents.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a large diurnal variation in mean There was a large diurnal variation in mean cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much smaller one in DHEA (am:pm ratio 2:1).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.7%; inter-assay variation was 5.6%.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although elevated corticosteroids increase although elevated corticosteroids increase the liability for affective illness (Lewis & the liability for affective illness (Lewis & Smith, 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewis & Smith, 1983 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable life events exert their Recent undesirable life events exert their greatest risk when they occur as additive greatest risk when they occur as additive experiences in multiples greater than 2 over experiences in multiples greater than 2 over the previous 12 months (Goodyer, 1995).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Goodyer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measuring peaks gives a different perspective on endocrine gives a different perspective on endocrine function from determining mean values.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This type of measure has been used to estimate measure has been used to estimate variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in children (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a recent longitudinal study, depressive symptoms longitudinal study, depressive symptoms over 4 years increased the risk for inter-over 4 years increased the risk for internalising disorder, with parent±child dis-nalising disorder, with parent±child disagreements exerting their effects indirectly agreements exerting their effects indirectly by increasing the level of depressive by increasing”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rueter et al, 1999 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As for the latter, it is well known that DHEA for the latter, it is well known that DHEA levels increase during puberty in both boys levels increase during puberty in both boys and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain relatively unaltered (Kroboth relatively unaltered (Kroboth et al et al, 1999;, 1999;Parker, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kroboth et al, 1999; Parker, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk as defined.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.1%, inter-assay variation was 7.4%.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 333Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, it is postulated that rising For example, it is postulated that rising levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are themselves related to increased risk for themselves related to increased risk for MDD in girls (Angold MDD in girls (Angold et al et al, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angold et al, 1999 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The origins of individual variation in peak levels for both hormones variation in peak levels for both hormones may arise in more distal adverse environ-may arise in more distal adverse environments and/or from genetic influences.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“events, further suggesting that these factors events, further suggesting that these factors may be independent.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current design is not an adequate test The current design is not an adequate test of a possible physiological reactivity model of a possible physiological reactivity model where hour-to-hour variation can be a where hour-to-hour variation can be a function of minor events or hassles in function of minor events or hassles in people's lives rather than major events in people's lives rather than”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of the peak measure requires further investigation.Only 4 days requires further investigation.Only 4 days of saliva collection was undertaken and it of saliva collection was undertaken and it is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain a representative sample of subjects liable to a representative sample of subjects liable to `peak'”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in well children it is morning example, in well children it is morning cortisol levels in the highest interquartile cortisol levels in the highest interquartile range, rather than the daily mean, that are range, rather than the daily mean, that are associated with a solitary and negative associated with a solitary and negative affective behavioural style (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings are constrained by the number of daily salivary samples.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of cases prevents more detailed analyses of gender differences.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A subgroup of A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.origin.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a stress-related disorder, major depression is associated with an abnormal stress response system.”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, excessive cortisol release in response to stress and impaired GR-mediated feedback inhibition have been known for decades.120,121”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“prior research has demonstrated unique effects of elevated morning cortisol and of stressful life events in the month prior to depressive onset (Goodyer et al. 2000)”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al. 2000
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“it is elevated morning cortisol that is prospectively predictive of depression (Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2000).”
From Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence (2010) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al., 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported cortisol am:pm ratio conflicts with the reported means
MinorThe stated 12:8 ratio is 1.5:1. Table 2 reports morning and evening cortisol means of 3.23 and 0.47 ng/ml for males, and 3.9 and 0.45 ng/ml for females-approximately 6.9:1 and 8.7:1, respectively.
“cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much”
“Mean Mean 3.23 3.23 0.47 0.47 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.13 3.9 3.9 0.45 0.45 0.34 0.34 0.18 0.18”
Citations
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Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation
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Adolescent depression: Why more girls?
Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537611 · Cited by 691
van Eck, M., Berkhof, H., Nicolson, N., & Sulon, J. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199609000-00007 · Cited by 617
Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls
ANGOLD, A., COSTELLO, E. J., ERKANLI, A., & WORTHMAN, C. M. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008946 · Cited by 592
Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment
Newcomer, J. W. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.527 · Cited by 546
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Malhi, G. S., & Mann, J. J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31948-2 · Cited by 4,099
Hammen, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938 · Cited by 2,979
“Harris et al. (2000) found that higher morning (but not evening) cortisol level, life events, and vulnerability status all predicted depression onset (but they did not test for interactions); Goodyer et al. (2000) found similar results with adolescent depression.”
Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60871-4 · Cited by 2,365
Otte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., Mohr, D. C., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 · Cited by 2,269
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Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.291 · Cited by 1,146
Pubertal transitions in health
Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60366-3 · Cited by 940
Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718 · Cited by 645
Self-citationYoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis.
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008 · Cited by 570
“Some authors argue that clinical depression represents a dysregulated adaptive stress response (Gold, 2015), which is supported by evidence that elevated cortisol levels predict the onset of depressive disorder (Goodyer et al., 2000; LeMoult et al., 2015).”
Gunnar, M. R., Talge, N. M., & Herrera, A. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010 · Cited by 603
“But while salivary assays of cortisol and other biomarkers (e.g., Granger et al., 1999; Goodyer et al., 2000; Gordis et al., 2006) are helping to explicate the role of neuroendocrine regulation in human neurobehavioral development, many child development studies rely on measures of hormone activity…”
Prenatal Anxiety Predicts Individual Differences in Cortisol in Pre-Adolescent Children
O’Connor, T. G., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Heron, J., Golding, J., Adams, D., & Glover, V. A. S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.032 · Cited by 474
Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kennis, M., Gerritsen, L., van Dalen, M., Williams, A., Cuijpers, P., & Bockting, C. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0585-z · Cited by 435
“Both significant predictive effects [56, 57] as well as no significant predictive effects [63] were reported.”
BackgroundThe stress cascade and schizophrenia: Etiology and onset
Corcoran, C., Walker, E., Huot, R., Mittal, V., Tessner, K., Kestler, L., & Malaspina, D. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038 · Cited by 439
“Among adolescents at risk for depression, major disappointments and permanent losses predicted the onset of major depression in the ensuing month, with odds ratios of 58.9 (7.0-495.5) and 8.8 (2.02-38.6), respectively (Goodyer et al. 2000).”
InfluentialVan den Bergh, B. R. H., Van Calster, B., Smits, T., Van Huffel, S., & Lagae, L. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301450 · Cited by 434
“Finally, we did not measure the adolescents’ stress concurrently with their cortisol assessment, therefore, we cannot rule out its influence on cortisol (Goodyer et al, 2000).”
BackgroundMaternal Stress During Pregnancy Predicts Cognitive Ability and Fearfulness in Infancy
Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., O’Connor, T. G., Modi, N., & Glover, V. A. S. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814a62f6 · Cited by 430
“, elevated saliva cortisol concentrations), a profile that is also found in adolescents and adults experiencing the onset of a major depressive episode (Goodyer et al., 2000; Harris et al., 2000).”
Lopez-Duran, N. L., Kovacs, M., & George, C. J. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.016 · Cited by 425
“…basal cortisol after remission from anMDD episode, indicating that HPA-axis dysregulation may be accentuated during depressive states, there is also evidence that HPA-dysregulation is already present prior to the onset of depressive symptoms (Halligan et al., 2007) or MDD (Goodyer et al., 2000b).”
BackgroundMaternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: A 13-year longitudinal study
Halligan, S. L., Murray, L., Martins, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.010 · Cited by 421
“Depressive disorder was just beginning to emerge in our sample at 13 years; the earliest onset of depression Child characteristics Proportion of boys 51.2% 47.3% χ2(1)=0.15 Age at assessment (months: S.D.) 160.8 (3.8) 159.9 (1.7) t(92)=1.46 Tanner stage (mean 1–5: S.D.) 3.3 (0.9) 3.3 (0.6) Z (N=91)= −0.33 Number of ad…”
MethodInfluentialAdolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions
Hankin, B. L. (2005) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012 · Cited by 413
“[62] Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Tamplin A, Altham PME.”
BackgroundDo Corticosteroids Damage the Brain?
Herbert, J., Goodyer, I. M., Grossman, A. B., Hastings, M. H., de Kloet, E. R., Lightman, S. L., LUPIEN, S. J., Roozendaal, B., & Seckl, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01429.x · Cited by 398
Self-citationShea, A., Walsh, C., MacMillan, H., & Steiner, M. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.07.001 · Cited by 378
“A significant association was found between morning peak levels of salivary cortisol and subsequent MDD in prospective investigations of 180 adolescents at high risk for psychopathology (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundExposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring
Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I. M., & Murray, L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.013 · Cited by 362
“Elevations in morning cortisol levels, particularly the occurrence of one or more very high morning cortisol values, predict the development of depressive disorder in those exposed to psychosocial risk factors for depression (Goodyer et al 2000; Harris et al 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAdam, E. K. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.01.010 · Cited by 335
The neuropathology of primary mood disorder
Harrison, P. J. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf149 · Cited by 325
“…axis (HPA), thereby relating it to the hypercortisolaemia and other signs of HPA axis dysfunction which occur in mood disorders (Checkley, 1996: Plotsky et al., 1998) and which may be a risk factor for them (Starkman et al., 1999; Goodyer et al., 2000; Harris et al., 2000).”
BackgroundProspective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence
Adam, E. K., Doane, L. D., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., & Griffith, J. W. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.007 · Cited by 315
Cortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology
Kamin, H. S., & Kertes, D. A. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.018 · Cited by 329
“Several prospective studies have identified a higher cortisol/DHEA ratio as a risk factor prior to the onset of major depressive disorder among children and adolescents (Angold et al., 1999; Goodyer et al., 1996; Goodyer et al., 2000a, 2000b; Goodyer et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry
Herbert, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000955 · Cited by 301
“…Cushing’s syndrome) or exogenous (therapeutic), may result in depression (Butler & Besser, 1968 ; Jeffcoate et al. 1979 ; Lewis & Smith, 1983) ; and morning cortisol levels at the higher end of the normal range are a risk factor for subsequent depression (Goodyer et al. 2000 ; Harris et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPsychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
Merry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub3 · Cited by 317
Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Witt, K., Bir, J. J., & Merry, S. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub4 · Cited by 336
Nicolson, N. A. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244.n3 · Cited by 288
Gordon, J. L., Girdler, S. S., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Stika, C. S., Thurston, R. C., Clark, C. T., Prairie, B. A., Moses‐Kolko, E. L., Joffe, H., & Wisner, K. L. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070918 · Cited by 288
“This view is supported not only by prospective studies identifying an elevated cortisol level as a precursor to the onset of firstepisode major depression (76), as well as relapse (77), but also by studies observing increasedHPA axis activation among the euthymic relatives of individuals with a history of depression,…”
Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder
Birmaher, B. B., Arbelaez, C., & Brent, D. (2002) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(02)00011-1 · Cited by 281
“For example, anxiety disorders are associated with the onset and longer episodes of depression but seem not to affect the risk for recurrence [3,8,25,35,45,54,64, 74–77].”
BackgroundPuberty and the emergence of gender differences in psychopathology
Hayward, C., & Sanborn, K. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00336-1 · Cited by 270
Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth
SHIRTCLIFF, E. A., GRANGER, D. A., BOOTH, A., & JOHNSON, D. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050091 · Cited by 264
Heritability of cortisol levels: review and simultaneous analysis of twin studies
Bartels, M., den Berg, M. V., Sluyter, F., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00003-3 · Cited by 259
“…in cortisol levels play a prominent role as an explanatory variable in studies on physical (Walker, 1996; Mantero and Boscaro, 1992; Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000; Roy et al., 2001; Rosmond and Bjorntorp, 2000c) and mental health (Young et al., 2000; Posener et al., 2000; Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDepression in Children and Adolescents
Garber, J. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007 · Cited by 263
Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders
Rao, U., & Chen, L.-A. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/urao · Cited by 252
Yuan, M., Yang, B., Rothschild, G., Mann, J. J., Sanford, L. D., Tang, X., Huang, C., Wang, C., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01519-z · Cited by 246
“120,121 The NR3C1 gene encodes for the GR, 122,123 which is an essential component of the HPA axis.”
BackgroundDuffy, A. C., Alda, M., Crawford, L., Milin, R., & Grof, P. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00421.x · Cited by 233
Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender
Netherton, C. M., Goodyer, I. M., Tamplin, A., & Herbert, J. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00150-6 · Cited by 243
Self-citationShirtcliff, E. A., & Essex, M. J. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20336 · Cited by 243
Oldehinkel, A. J., & Bouma, E. M. C. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.013 · Cited by 225
Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I., & Murray, L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.011 · Cited by 217
Self-citationMorning cortisol as a risk factor for subsequent major depressive disorder in adult women
Harris, T. O., Borsanyi, S., Messari, S., Stanford, K., Cleary, S. E., Shiers, H. M., Brown, G. W., & Herbert, J. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.505 · Cited by 220
Self-citationVrshek-Schallhorn, S., Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., & Adam, E. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001213 · Cited by 230
“To our knowledge, prior research has demonstrated unique effects of elevated morning cortisol and of stressful life events in the month prior to depressive onset (Goodyer et al. 2000), but research has not tested whether morning cortisol peaks (or an elevated CAR) significantly interact with stressful life events in p…”
BackgroundEmotional Regulation and Depression: A Potential Mediator between Heart and Mind
Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., & Marconi, C. (2014) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2014/324374 · Cited by 253
Burton, E. M., Stice, E. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.689 · Cited by 217
“We located only two studies with adolescents that examined onset of depressive pathology ( Goodyer, Herbert, Tamplin, & Altham, 2000; Lewinsohn, Allen, Seeley, & Gotlib, 1999); in both studies major life stress predicted onset of major depression.”
BackgroundSteptoe, A., Gibson, E. L., Hamer, M., & Wardle, J. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.001 · Cited by 210
“High cortisol early in the day has also been found to predict future depressive illness in high risk adolescents and women (Goodyer et al., 2000; Harris et al., 2000).”
BackgroundYehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., Golier, J. A., Grossman, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00052-0 · Cited by 212
“Furthermore, within the last decade, the relevance of traumatic events in the personal history of depressed patients has been increasingly recognized (Goodyer et al., 2000; Heim et al., 2000; Kohn et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPossible role of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in human development and psychopathology
Goodyer, I. M., Park, R. J., Netherton, C. M., & Herbert, J. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.243 · Cited by 204
Self-citationHighly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing
CHAN, S. W. Y., GOODWIN, G. M., & HARMER, C. J. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000669 · Cited by 195
“Longitudinal studies have provided evidence that cortisol level predicts subsequent depression onset in adult women (Harris et al. 2000) and adolescents (Goodyer et al. 2000).”
BackgroundNot fade away: the HPA axis and depression
Cowen, P. J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005558 · Cited by 191
“Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that elevated salivary cortisol secretion is predictive of future depressive episodes in both young people and adults (Goodyer et al. 2000 ; Harris et al. 2000).”
Chen, C., Nakagawa, S., An, Y., Ito, K., Kitaichi, Y., & Kusumi, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.12.001 · Cited by 209
“Longitudinal studies have shown that higher basal plasma CORT levels, particularly in the morning, predicts the onset or development of depression in adolescent boys and girls and adult women (Goodyer et al 2000; Harris et al 2000; Goodyer et al 2009).”
Zajkowska, Z., Gullett, N., Walsh, A. E. L., Zonca, V., Pedersen, G. A., Souza, L., Kieling, C., Fisher, H. L., Kohrt, B. A., & Mondelli, V. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105625 · Cited by 213
Ruttle, P. L., Shirtcliff, E. A., Serbin, L. A., Fisher, D. B., Stack, D. M., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.10.015 · Cited by 198
“…literature is much clearer with nearly all of the longitudinal studies reporting that elevated basal cortisol levels precede the onset of later internalizing symptoms in children (Smider et al., 2002) and depression in adolescents (Goodyer et al., 1996, 2000, 2001; Halligan et al., 2007).”
Recent developments in understanding the psychosocial aspects of depression
Harris, T. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/57.1.17 · Cited by 181
Bio-social origins of depression in the community
Strickland, P., Deakin, J. F. W., Percival, C., Dixon, J., Gater, R. A., & Goldberg, D. P. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.2.168 · Cited by 171
Early experience and depressive disorders: human and non-human primate studies
Gilmer, W. S., & McKinney, W. T. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00046-6 · Cited by 171
“In their study of adolescents, might develop a clinical depression based upon their Goodyer et al. (1998, 2000) reported that elevated interpretation of life events.”
BackgroundDevelopmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Howland, M. A., Sandman, C. A., & Glynn, L. M. (2017) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2017.1356222 · Cited by 192
The complex neurobiology of resilient functioning after childhood maltreatment
Ioannidis, K., Askelund, A. D., Kievit, R., & van Harmelen, A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-1490-7 · Cited by 175
“DHEA acts as a natural antagonist to cortisol [77], may protect against the harmful effects of hypercortisolism [37, 78] and aids resilient functioning towards outcomes of depression [79, 80].”
BackgroundPompili, M., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., Giupponi, G., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., & Lester, D. (2010) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0108-z · Cited by 164
“Considerable evidence suggests that hypercortisolemia is a frequent finding in depressed patients and persists between episodes [82, 86, 107, 203, 264, 280].”
BackgroundEffects of Postnatal Depression on Mother–Infant Interactions and Child Development
Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., & Cooper, P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327588.ch8 · Cited by 156
Cortisol awakening response is elevated in acute coronary syndrome patients with type-D personality
Whitehead, D. L., Perkins-Porras, L., Strike, P. C., Magid, K. S., & Steptoe, A. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.11.005 · Cited by 163
“Elevated morning cortisol is a risk factor for clinical depression [19,20], and a larger CAR is associated with depressive symptoms [21], low positive affect [22], high levels of perceived stress [23], and chronic job stress [24].”
BackgroundTessner, K., Mittal, V., & Walker, E. (2011) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp087 · Cited by 159
The Stressful Life Events Schedule for children and adolescents: development and validation
Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., Shiffrin, T. P., Lusky, J. A., Protopapa, J., Dahl, R. E., & Brent, D. A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00134-3 · Cited by 154
“…the child's or adolescent's actions, have been shown to be elevated among children of depressed women (Hammen et al., 1991), elevated among depressed adolescents (Williamson et al., 1995a), genetically mediated (Silberg et al., 1999) and predictive of the onset of depression (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundByrne, M. L., Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.004 · Cited by 150
Steptoe, A., Brydon, L., & Kunz-Ebrecht, S. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000156932.96261.d2 · Cited by 149
The Origins and Development of Psychopathology in Females and Males
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Crick, N. R., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Woods, K. E. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939383.ch4 · Cited by 150
Pubertal neuromaturation, stress sensitivity, and psychopathology
WALKER, E. F., SABUWALLA, Z., & HUOT, R. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404040027 · Cited by 144
Hammack, S. E., Cooper, M. A., & Lezak, K. R. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.024 · Cited by 142
“Exposure to traumatic events, such as those that can produce PTSD, also increase the risk for MDD (Goodyer et al., 2000; Heim et al., 2000; Kohn et al., 2001; Mayou et al., 2001; Shalev et al., 1998); however, risk for MDD might also been linked to a variety of negative life events or adversities that do not meet the…”
BackgroundThabrew, H., Stasiak, K., Hetrick, S. E., Wong, S., Huss, J. H., & Merry, S. N. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012489.pub2 · Cited by 141
“Goodyer 2000 Goodyer IM, Tamplin A, Herbert J, Altham PM.”
BackgroundMerry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2012) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1867 · Cited by 140
Psychosocial and endocrine features of chronic first-episode major depression in 8–16 year olds
Goodyer, I. M., Park, R. J., & Herbert, J. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01120-9 · Cited by 130
Self-citationThe ratio of cortisol/DHEA in treatment resistant depression
Markopoulou, K., Papadopoulos, A. S., Juruena, M. F., Poon, L., Pariante, C. M., & Cleare, A. J. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.004 · Cited by 129
“In adolescent depression persistence of an elevated cortisol/DHEA ratio reflects persistence of symptoms of up to 6 months duration (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundCortisol secretion in depressed, and at-risk adults
Dienes, K. A., Hazel, N. A., & Hammen, C. L. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.019 · Cited by 128
“Longitudinal studies have supported the predictive value of higher morning levels of cortisol for depression onset (e.g., cortisol measured at 8:00am regardless of waking time; Goodyer et al., 2000; Goodyer et al., 2009; Halligan et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2000), but whether waking cortisol predicts similar risk for…”
InfluentialRudolph, K. D., Troop‐Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1879-7 · Cited by 131
“Moreover, elevated basal cortisol levels (Goodyer et al. 2000) and heightened cortisol reactivity to social challenge (Susman et al. 1997) predict depressive symptoms over time, although the evidence for links between heightened cortisol and depression has been mixed in children (Kaufman et al.…”
Salivary Cortisol and Psychopathology in Children Bereaved by the September 11, 2001 Terror Attacks
Pfeffer, C. R., Altemus, M., Heo, M., & Jiang, H. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.037 · Cited by 128
Prolonged secretion of cortisol as a possible mechanism underlying stress and depressive behaviour
Qin, D., Rizak, J. D., Feng, X., Yang, S., Lü, L., Pan, L., Yin, Y., & Hu, X. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30187 · Cited by 133
Izawa, S., Sugaya, N., Shirotsuki, K., Yamada, K. C., Ogawa, N., Ouchi, Y., Nagano, Y., Suzuki, K., & Nomura, S. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.07.003 · Cited by 126
Bhagwagar, Z., & Cowen, P. J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001250 · Cited by 124
“These findings support studies from other high-risk groups of adolescents and adults showing that elevated cortisol secretion is a risk factor for subsequent major depression (Goodyer et al. 2000; Harris et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Effects of Child Maltreatment on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Voorhees, E. E. V., & Scarpa, A. (2004) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838004269486 · Cited by 135
Marceau, K., Ruttle, P. L., Shirtcliff, E. A., Essex, M. J., & Susman, E. J. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21214 · Cited by 122
“…& Altham, 1998; Goodyer, Herbert, & Tamplin, 2003; Goodyer, 2007); however, higher basal DHEA during adolescence has also been associated with more internalizing problems (Goodyer et al., 2000; Shirtcliff, Granger, Booth, & Johnson, 2005; Susman, Granger, Murowchick, Ponirakis, & Worrall, 1996).”
Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Ellenbogen, M. A., Hodgins, S., Walker, C.-D., Couture, S., & Adam, S. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.004 · Cited by 114
“Because increasing cortisol levels during adolescence (Goodyer et al., 2000; Walker et al., 2001, 2004), as well as increases in gonadal hormones (Angold et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKovacs, M., & Lopez‐Duran, N. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02230.x · Cited by 111
“See, for example, the study by Goodyer et al. (2000) that addressed HPA functioning, and a recent investigation of the relations of overt joy and changes in EEG asymmetry in normal children (Light et al.”
BackgroundAdrenal androgen and gonadal hormone levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder
PAJER, K. A., Tabbah, R., Gardner, W. P., Rubín, R. T., Czambel, R. K., & Wang, Y. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.005 · Cited by 116
“, psychiatric co-morbidity (including substance abuse disorders) (Angold et al., 1999; Brown and Dobs, 2002; Goodyer et al., 2000; Sierksma et al., 2004), nicotine use (Martin et al.”
BackgroundPuberty and perimenopause: Reproductive transitions and their implications for women's health
Hoyt, L. T., & Falconi, A. M. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.031 · Cited by 125
“Higher prevalence of mood disorders and symptoms during puberty and perimenopause is usually tied to fluctuations in sex hormones (Angold et al., 1999; Freeman et al., 2006, 2004; Goodyer et al., 2001; Goodyer et al., 2000; Halbreich and Kahn, 2001; NolenHoeksema, 2001; Schmidt, 2005; Steiner et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAdam, E. K., Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., Kendall, A. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., & Craske, M. G. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.014 · Cited by 124
“Waking cortisol levels (S1, taken immediately upon waking) were also examined due to past research suggesting their importance in predicting mood disorders (Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007), and in response to recommendations that waking cortisol levels also be examined when examining the CAR (Clow et al.”
Heaney, J. L. J., Phillips, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.07.009 · Cited by 109
“Psychosocial factors have been related to a dysregulated diurnal profile in adolescents ( [Goodyer et al., 2000], [Greaves ‐ Lord et al., 2007] and [Van den Bergh et al., 2008]).”
Are Stress-Induced Cortisol Changes During Pregnancy Associated With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms?
Nierop, A., Bratsikas, A., Zimmermann, R., & Ehlert, U. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000244385.93141.3b · Cited by 110
“Another finding was revealed in a sample of 180 adolescents at high risk for psychopathology, in which the occurrence of peaks in morning cortisol emerged as predictive for subsequent nonpuerperal major depression at a 12-month follow up (41).”
BackgroundExercise and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Toseeb, U., Brage, S., Corder, K. L., Dunn, V. J., Jones, P. B., Owens, M., Clair, M. S., van Sluijs, E. M. F., & Goodyer, I. M. (2014) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1794 · Cited by 107
Self-citationUnderstanding Familial Risk for Depression
Gotlib, I. H., Joormann, J., & Foland‐Ross, L. C. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613513469 · Cited by 113
“These preliminary findings are important in adding to extant literature in which the initial associations among baseline anomalies in cortisol (Adam et al., 2010; Goodyer et al., 2000), brain function (Whalley et al.”
BackgroundHigh susceptibility to chronic social stress is associated with a depression-like phenotype
Schmidt, M. V., Scharf, S. H., Sterlemann, V., Ganea, K., Liebl, C., Holsboer, F., & Müller, M. B. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.002 · Cited by 105
“Chronic or traumatic stress experiences that occur during vulnerable developmental time periods, such as childhood abuse, are correlated with an increased risk for psychiatric disease (Goodyer et al., 2000; Corcoran et al., 2003) and permanent HPA axis alteration (Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
BackgroundTesting a Gender Additive Model: The Role of Body Image in Adolescent Depression
Bearman, S. K., & Stice, E. M. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9248-2 · Cited by 104
“It was surprising that stressful life events did not significantly predict depression onset in the present study, because this has been a consistent predictor of depression in prior research (Cohen et al. 1984; Goodyer et al. 2000;”
ResultDepression is associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in patients with coronary artery disease
Bhattacharyya, M. R., Molloy, G. J., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.012 · Cited by 103
Serotonin transporter genotype, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in adolescents
Goodyer, I. M., Bacon, A., Ban, M., Croudace, T. J., & Herbert, J. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054775 · Cited by 105
“11,12 13–15 Cortisol levels are also higher in the offspring of parents with depression, 16,17 who are also more liable to depression.”
Self-citationLopez‐Duran, N. L., Nusslock, R., George, C. J., & Kovács, M. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01332.x · Cited by 103
Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females
Oskis, A., Loveday, C., Hucklebridge, F. H., Thorn, L., & Clow, A. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.009 · Cited by 108
“However, despite interest in exploring associations with coincident or future psychopathology ( Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007; Sondeijker et al., 2007, 2008), there is a shortage of reliable literature on HPA axis function in healthy adolescence, as indexed by salivary cortisol.”
BackgroundLongitudinal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis trait and state effects in recurrent depression
Lok, A., Mocking, R. J. T., Ruhé, H. G., Visser, I., Koeter, M. W. J., Assies, J., Bockting, C. L. H., Olff, M., & Schene, A. H. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.005 · Cited by 99
“This is further supported by studies reporting sustained higher cortisol concentrations preceding a first MDE (Modell et al., 1998; Goodyer et al., 2000; Mannie et al., 2007).”
Larzelere, M., & Jones, G. N. (2008) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.07.011 · Cited by 99
“Stress has long been thought to precipitate mental illness, especially in vulnerable individuals (eg, stress–diathesis model).(41) Stress also has been associated with increased psychiatric morbidity and relapse risk in numerous psychiatric disorders.”
BackgroundGeneral and specific effects of early-life psychosocial adversities on adolescent grey matter volume
Walsh, N., Dalgleish, T., Lombardo, M. V., Dunn, V. J., van Harmelen, A., Ban, M., & Goodyer, I. M. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.001 · Cited by 97
“At ages 14 and 17, participants in the ROOTS cohort had completed a self-report measure of negative life events and difficulties [modified from Goodyer et al. (2000)], occurring to them, their family or closest friends over the preceding 12 months.”
Self-citationPositive memory specificity is associated with reduced vulnerability to depression
Askelund, A. D., Schweizer, S., Goodyer, I. M., & van Harmelen, A. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0504-3 · Cited by 102
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goodyer, I. M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 499-504
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2012890086
- Semantic Scholar
- 6c85c649cc75f9d4e0099585c659d58034db3f7b
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adolescents, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, life events, depressive symptoms, high-risk adolescents, psychosocial risk factors, diurnal cortisol rhythm, depression onset
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Puberty, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Saliva, Risk Assessment
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