The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Background: It is not clear whether cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hypersecretion increases the risk for major depression in the presence of undesirable life events. Aims: To determine whether there is a specific pattern of psychoendocrine factors that predicts the onset of major depressive disorder. Method: 180 adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) at high risk for psychopathology were assessed for cortisol, DHEA, depressive symptoms, life events and psychiatric disorder at entry and 12 months later. Results: Major depression was predicted for both genders by the additive effects of: higher depressive symptoms; personal disappointments and losses only in the month before onset; one or more daily levels of cortisol at 08.00 h or DHEA at 20.00 h greater than the 80th percentile of the daily mean. Conclusions: A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In high-risk adolescents, onset of DSM-IV major depression over 12 months was predicted by recent proximal disappointments/losses, higher depressive symptoms, and daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening DHEA. These psychosocial and endocrine predictors appeared independent.
Key findings
- Of 171 reassessed adolescents, 30 (18%) had an onset of DSM-IV major depression. Cases were more likely than non-cases to have undesirable events only in the preceding month: 18/30 (60%) v. 31/141 (22%), exact test P=0.0001, odds ratio 5.4 (95% CI 2.4–12.2); general event burden over 12 months did not differ.
- In conditional fixed-effects logistic regression, only disappointments (OR 58.9, P=0.0001, 95% CI 7.0–495.5) and permanent losses (OR 8.8, P=0.004, 95% CI 2.02–38.6) in the month before onset predicted MDD, along with lower mood and feelings scores (OR 1.1, P=0.051, 95% CI 1.00–1.13).
- Peak cortisol at 08.00 h (OR 7.1, P=0.008, 95% CI 1.67–30.4) and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (OR 4.2, P=0.02, 95% CI 1.2–14.7) predicted subsequent MDD; absolute mean hormone levels did not contribute to the model.
- Peak-positive status was unrelated to life events or MFQ scores, and only 16/30 (53%) MDD episodes were preceded by a disappointment or loss event.
Methods
- Prospective high-risk sample: 1451 adolescents screened; 180 high-risk adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) entered, and 171 completed psychosocial and endocrine follow-up; 30 MDD onsets occurred.
- Measures at entry and 12 months included Kiddie-SADS, life events interview, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and salivary cortisol and DHEA at 08.00 h and 20.00 h over 4 consecutive days; a peak was defined a priori as one or more level greater than the 80th percentile of the daily group mean (by gender, and by age for DHEA).
- Analysis used exact statistics, Bonferroni-corrected ANOVA on log-transformed continuous data, and conditional fixed-effects logistic regression to predict MDD onset.
Limitations
- Stated: the small number of boys with depression limited gender analyses; only 4 days of saliva collection were undertaken and the validity of the peak measure requires further investigation; it remains unclear whether peaks are psychopathologically significant only in high-risk adolescents; the design was not adequate to test physiological reactivity to minor events or hassles; nearly all subjects were post-pubertal, so puberty-related endocrine risk could not be assessed; findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk.
- Evident from the text: the observational design cannot establish causality, and life events and mood were assessed by self-report.
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Claims the paper makes
24 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 9 Own method · 8 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A previous paper showed that the onset A previous paper showed that the onset of MDD occurs in of MDD occurs in 4 490% of cases from the 90% of cases from the high-risk population with antecedent high-risk population with antecedent ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer ongoing psychosocial adversities (Goodyer et al et al, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper says 90% of MDD cases were preceded by two or more undesirable life events in the year before entry. It does not establish that those adversities were ongoing. In “Onsets of major depression by 12-month follow-up” (page unavailable), it reports that 30 of 172 high-risk subjects (17%) developed MDD—not 90% of the high-risk group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A A post hoc post hoc examination of the characteris-examination of the characteristics of this high-risk sample showed no tics of this high-risk sample showed no difference in MFQ scores at entry between difference in MFQ scores at entry between those onsets with identified proximal events those onsets with identified proximal events (`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.(`events-driven') 26.47 (s.d.11.77”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who were peak-positive for corti-Those who were peak-positive for cortisol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were signifi-sol at 08.00 h and 20.00 h were significantly older than those who were not cantly older than those who were not”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no association between the There was no association between the proportions of subjects who were cortisol proportions of subjects who were cortisol and DHEA peak-positive at either time and DHEA peak-positive at either time point.point.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR cortisol peak-positive at 08.00 h (OR7.1;7.1; P P0.008, 95% CI 0.008, 95% CI1.67±30.4)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“Cortisol peaks 08.00 h Cortisol peaks 08.00 h 7.1 7.1 0.008 0.008 1.67^30.41.67^30.4”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper shows, for the first time, This paper shows, for the first time, that the occurrence of peaks in morning that the occurrence of peaks in morning cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD cortisol is predictive of subsequent MDD in high-risk adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict Daily peaks of morning cortisol or evening dehydroepiandrosterone also predict onset.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR peak-positive at 20.00 h (OR4.2, 4.2, P P0.02, 95% CI 0.02, 95% CI1.2±14.7)”
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
“DHEA peaks 20.00 h DHEA peaks 20.00 h 4.2 4.2 0.02 0.02 1.2^14.7 1.2^14.7”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far as recent undesirable life events are con-recent undesirable life events are concerned, only those in the preceding month cerned, only those in the preceding month are associated with the onset of disorder.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant association was found for peak significant association was found for peak cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) cortisol at 08.00 h (18/28 (64%) v. v. 52/ 52/ 137 (38%), exact test 137 (38%), exact test P P0.012, odds ratio 0.012, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 2.9, 95% CI 1.3±6.7),and peak DHEA at 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) 20.00 h (11/27 (41%) v. v. 25/136 (18%), 25/136 (18%”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no effect of age for either gender.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable events and subclinical Recent undesirable events and subclinical depressive symptoms are known to corre-depressive symptoms are known to correlate with subsequent onset of major de-late with subsequent onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents pressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents (Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn et al et al, 1995;Goodyer , 1995;Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewinsohn et al, 1995 source
- Partly supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Correlates of major depression” (page unavailable), the paper reports that higher baseline MFQ depressive-symptom scores were significantly associated with subsequent MDD. But “Risk factors at entry and subsequent MDD” reports no significant difference in measured risk-factor exposure between high-risk adolescents who did and did not develop MDD. Recent undesirable events were common in both groups, so this paper does not establish the claimed association for those events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It has already been suggested that mean salivary DHEA been suggested that mean salivary DHEA at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent at 08.00 h is associated with subsequent MDD in a combined analysis of both low-MDD in a combined analysis of both lowand high-risk adolescents (Goodyer and high-risk adolescents (Goodyer et al et al, , 2000).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goodyer et al, 2000 source
The Method section describes a cohort containing both high- and low-risk adolescents, with salivary samples collected at 08.00 h. The Correlates of major depression section states that higher DHEA at 08.00 h was associated with subsequent MDD, and the Results section reports this association across the study cohort. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls Mean salivary cortisol was higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1172) (1172)6.24,6.24, P P0.013 (Bonferroni)) but not at 20.00 h.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in Mean salivary DHEA was also higher in girls than boys at 08.00 h ( girls than boys at 08.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)6.23,6.23, P P0.014) and at 20.00 h ( 0.014) and at 20.00 h (F F(1164) (1164)4.23,4.23, P P0.041).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence that this proximal There is no evidence that this proximal process is influenced by the number of process is influenced by the number of events in the preceding 11 months, or that events in the preceding 11 months, or that it is dependent on social connectivity it is dependent on social connectivity between similar types of events over this between similar types of events over”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disappointments 1 month before onset Disappointments 1 month before onset 58.9 58.9 0.0001 0.0001 7.0^495.57.0^495.5Permanent losses 1 month before onset Permanent losses 1 month before onset 8.8 8.8 0.004 0.004 2.02^38.62.02^38.6”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are Highly proximal (within 1 month) disappointments or personal losses are associated with the onset of major depressive disorder in high-risk adolescents.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a large diurnal variation in mean There was a large diurnal variation in mean cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much smaller one in DHEA (am:pm ratio 2:1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.7%; inter-assay variation was 5.6%.”
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although elevated corticosteroids increase although elevated corticosteroids increase the liability for affective illness (Lewis & the liability for affective illness (Lewis & Smith, 1983).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewis & Smith, 1983 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recent undesirable life events exert their Recent undesirable life events exert their greatest risk when they occur as additive greatest risk when they occur as additive experiences in multiples greater than 2 over experiences in multiples greater than 2 over the previous 12 months (Goodyer, 1995).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Goodyer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measuring peaks gives a different perspective on endocrine gives a different perspective on endocrine function from determining mean values.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This type of measure has been used to estimate measure has been used to estimate variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in variability or `reactivity' in cortisol in children (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a recent longitudinal study, depressive symptoms longitudinal study, depressive symptoms over 4 years increased the risk for inter-over 4 years increased the risk for internalising disorder, with parent±child dis-nalising disorder, with parent±child disagreements exerting their effects indirectly agreements exerting their effects indirectly by increasing the level of depressive by increasing”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rueter et al, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As for the latter, it is well known that DHEA for the latter, it is well known that DHEA levels increase during puberty in both boys levels increase during puberty in both boys and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain and girls, whereas cortisol levels remain relatively unaltered (Kroboth relatively unaltered (Kroboth et al et al, 1999;, 1999;Parker, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kroboth et al, 1999; Parker, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings may not generalise to adolescents not at high risk as defined.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intra-assay variation was 5.1%, inter-assay variation was 7.4%.”
plainn = 333- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, it is postulated that rising For example, it is postulated that rising levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are levels of testosterone and/or oestrogen are themselves related to increased risk for themselves related to increased risk for MDD in girls (Angold MDD in girls (Angold et al et al, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angold et al, 1999 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The origins of individual variation in peak levels for both hormones variation in peak levels for both hormones may arise in more distal adverse environ-may arise in more distal adverse environments and/or from genetic influences.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“events, further suggesting that these factors events, further suggesting that these factors may be independent.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current design is not an adequate test The current design is not an adequate test of a possible physiological reactivity model of a possible physiological reactivity model where hour-to-hour variation can be a where hour-to-hour variation can be a function of minor events or hassles in function of minor events or hassles in people's lives rather than major events in people's lives rather than”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of the peak measure requires further investigation.Only 4 days requires further investigation.Only 4 days of saliva collection was undertaken and it of saliva collection was undertaken and it is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain is unclear whether this is sufficient to obtain a representative sample of subjects liable to a representative sample of subjects liable to `peak'”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in well children it is morning example, in well children it is morning cortisol levels in the highest interquartile cortisol levels in the highest interquartile range, rather than the daily mean, that are range, rather than the daily mean, that are associated with a solitary and negative associated with a solitary and negative affective behavioural style (Gunnar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar, 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings are constrained by the number of daily salivary samples.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of cases prevents more detailed analyses of gender differences.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A subgroup of A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.origin.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The recognition of proximal life events is accurate.
“Provided that the recognition of proximal events is accurate, this suggests of proximal events is accurate, this suggests that there may be other factors that there may be other factors predisposing to disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a stress-related disorder, major depression is associated with an abnormal stress response system.”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, excessive cortisol release in response to stress and impaired GR-mediated feedback inhibition have been known for decades.120,121”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“prior research has demonstrated unique effects of elevated morning cortisol and of stressful life events in the month prior to depressive onset (Goodyer et al. 2000)”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al. 2000
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“it is elevated morning cortisol that is prospectively predictive of depression (Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2000).”
From Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence (2010) · cites this paper as Goodyer et al., 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Mean levels Mean levels
“cortisol (am:pm ratio 12:8) and a much”
§ Personal disappointments, loss Personal disappointments, loss and subsequent MDD and subsequent MDD
“Mean Mean 3.23 3.23 0.47 0.47 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.13 3.9 3.9 0.45 0.45 0.34 0.34 0.18 0.18”
Citations
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“High morning cortisol can predict subsequent depression in adolescents (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDepression in Children and Adolescents
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“bances that can be observed during MDD, including inflammation [3], the monoamine hypothesis [4,5], structural and functional brain changes [6,7], hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal axis changes [8], epigenetics (gene-environment interactions) [9], neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis [10,11]; however, no single mechanism or…”
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5-HTTLPR–environment interplay and its effects on neural reactivity in adolescents
Walsh, N., Dalgleish, T., Dunn, V. J., Abbott, R., Clair, M. S., Owens, M., Fairchild, G. F., Kerslake, W. S., Hiscox, L. V., Passamonti, L., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.067 · Cited by 32
“At ages 14 and 17, participants in the ROOTS cohort had completed a self-report measure of negative life events and difficulties (modified from (Goodyer et al., 2000)), occurring to them, their family or closest friends over the preceding 12 months.”
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Camargo, A., Dalmagro, A. P., Platt, N., Rosado, A. F., Neis, V. B., Zeni, A. L. B., Kaster, M. P., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2020) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172971 · Cited by 30
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Herbert, J., Ban, M., Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., Ogilvie, A. D., Uher, R., & Craig, T. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107037 · Cited by 30
Self-citationVulnerability to depression among adolescents: Implications for cognitive-behavioral treatment
Reinecke, M. A., & Simons, A. D. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80022-7 · Cited by 29
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“In studies conducted with adolescents, elevated cortisol at 8:00 AM predicts major depressive disorder (MDD) 1 year later (36) and increases in depressive symptoms 3 years later (11).”
Nowacki, J., Wingenfeld, K., Kaczmarczyk, M., Woo, R.-C., Salchow, P., Abu-Tir, I., Piber, D., Hellmann-Regen, J., & Otte, C. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0789-7 · Cited by 26
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“This work is important to follow because of studies indicating a contribution of early steroid abnormalities to the development of mood and anxiety disorders ( Goodyer, Herbert, Tamplin, & Altham, 2000a , 2000b ; Herbert et al, 1996 ).”
BackgroundCamargo, A., Dalmagro, A. P., de Souza, M. M., Zeni, A. L. B., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113459 · Cited by 29
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Course and outcome of major depressive disorder in non-referred adolescents
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“Given that imbalances in adrenal corticosteroids such as cortisol and DHEA may contribute to the mood and attention disorders of adolescents with ADHD (McGee et al. 1992; Goodyer et al. 2000), it is possible that treatment with ginseng may ameliorate these disorders by modulating adrenal function.”
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“…appears tobemore thanamarker of state psychopathology; indeed, evidence for its etiological significance comes from studies showing that elevated morning cortisol predicts the onset of major depression in youths (Goodyer et al., 2000, 2009; Halligan et al., 2004) and adults (Harris et al., 2000).”
Scherder, E., Knol, D. L., Someren, E. J. W. V., Deijen, J. B., Binnekade, R., Tilders, F. J. H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2003) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/0888439003017002004 · Cited by 25
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Depression in women and its sequelae
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Teachers’ support and depression among Japanese adolescents: a multilevel analysis
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“Experiencing unforgettable stress might be risk factor of depression and our results were consistent with earlier findings [26].”
BackgroundResultAdolescent health 1 - Pubertal transitions in health
Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 23
HPA-axis hyperactivity and mortality in psychotic depressive disorder: Preliminary findings
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“There is, though, considerable evidence that some degree of hypercortisolemia persists between episodes (Goodyer et al., 2000; Harris et al., 2000; Kathol, 1985; Ribeiro et al., 1993; Weber-Hamann et al., 2006; Young et al., 2000).”
Evolving model of depression as an expression of multiple interacting risk factors
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Adolescent Depression: Challenges and Opportunities
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“Finally, in adolescents at-risk for psychopathology, high morning cortisol predicted onset of a major depressive episode in the following 12 months (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialYuxiang, X., Li, Y., Wang, C., Han, T., Yue, W., Wang, S., & Wei, J. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100433 · Cited by 26
“…for its pathogenesis, such as the monoamine hypothesis (Segal et al., 1974), neuroplasticity and neurogenesis hypothesis (Duman & Monteggia, 2006), neuroendocrine hypothesis (Goodyer et al., 2000; Harris et al., 2000; Knorr et al., 2010), and depression-inflammation hypothesis (Maes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, fatty acids, and their relation in recurrent depression
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“Moreover, higher CAR cortisol levels were reported in adolescents who subsequently developed a major depressive episode in the following year (Goodyer et al., 2000; Adam et al., 2010; Vrshek-Schallhorn et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNeurobiological Markers of Familial Risk for Depression
Foland‐Ross, L. C., Hardin, M. G., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_213 · Cited by 21
“Goodyer et al. (2000) also followed adolescents who were at high risk for depression by virtue of either having a depressed parent or of experiencing psychosocial adversities.”
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“symptoms may persist in patients with depression for a long time or even relapse.(3) It affects the quality of life of the patients and increases family burden if not treated or improved timely.”
BackgroundHormonal changes at puberty and the emergence of gender differences in internalizing disorders
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“(cid:129) Recent negative life events were assessed with the Life Events Questionnaire (adapted from Goodyer, Herbert, Tamplin, & Altham, 2000; Walsh et al., 2012).”
Self-citationStress exposure in at‐risk , depressed, and suicidal adolescents
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“Salivary cortisol was included as a dependent variable since an increased level of cortisol is indicative of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which could cause sleeplessness [ ,”
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Vammen, M. A., Mikkelsen, S., Hansen, Å. M., Grynderup, M. B., Andersen, J. H., Bonde, J. P., Buttenschøn, H. N., Kolstad, H. A., Kærgaard, A., Kærlev, L., et al. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.006 · Cited by 17
“, 2011) and follow-up studies (Harris et al., 2000; Goodyer et al., 2000; Halligan et al., 2007; Adam et al., 2010; Goodyer et al., 2010; Power et al., 2011; Ellenbogen et al., 2011; Vrshek-Schallhorn et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDepressed suicidal adolescent males have an altered cortisol response to a pharmacological challenge
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“…a 12-month period among a subgroup of high-risk adolescents was predicted by elevated cortisol at 8 a.m. or by elevated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal steroid, at 10 p.m., with an additive effect conferred by higher depressive symptoms and personal disappointments (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundStressful Life Events, Social Class and Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Repeated salivary daytime cortisol and onset of mood episodes in offspring of bipolar parents
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Unraveling the Pathogenesis of the Depression–Diabetes Link
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Psychophysiological Methods for the Study of Developmental Psychopathology
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The clinical application of Chinese herbal medication to depression: A narrative review
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“For more than a decade, studies have been focusing on the relationship between the HPA axis and depression (87).”
BackgroundPsychological health throughout life and adult cortisol patterns at age 45 y
Power, C., Li, L., Atherton, K., & Hertzman, C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.06.010 · Cited by 15
“associations between morning peak cortisol and subsequent major depressive disorder (Goodyer et al., 2000).”
BackgroundCortisol Awakening Response, Internalizing Symptoms, and Life Satisfaction in Emerging Adults
Chong, L. S., Thai, M., Cullen, K. R., Lim, K. O., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122501 · Cited by 16
“Individual differences in HPA axis functioning might provide risk markers for emotional disorders [8,9].”
BackgroundChafkin, J. E., Yeager, D. S., O’Brien, J., Lee, H. Y., McAfee, C. A., & Josephs, R. A. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001935 · Cited by 16
Rational approaches to the neurobiologic study of youth at risk for bipolar disorder and suicide
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Use of Biological Measures in Behavioral Medicine
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“for major depression in adolescents ( Goodyer et al. 2000 ).”
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“Research on diurnal cortisol in both the general population and clinically identified samples has demonstrated associations between internalizing problems and elevated morning cortisol, and between externalizing problems and low basal cortisol (Alink et al., 2008; Goodyer et al., 2000; Laurent et al., 2013, 2014; Shir…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goodyer, I. M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 499-504
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2012890086
- Semantic Scholar
- 6c85c649cc75f9d4e0099585c659d58034db3f7b
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adolescents, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, life events, depressive symptoms, high-risk adolescents, psychosocial risk factors, diurnal cortisol rhythm, depression onset
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Puberty, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Saliva, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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