The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence

Enoch, Mary-Anne

doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6

Cited by 668Child Abuse and TraumaSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesStress Responses and Cortisol

The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence

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Enoch, Mary-Anne·2011·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6PMC PMC3005022

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Abstract

Rationale Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcohol and drug dependence are equally important. Exposure to early life stress, that is unfortunately common in the general population, has been shown to predict a wide range of psychopathology, including addiction.Objective This review will look at the characteristics of early life stress that may be specific predictors for adolescent and adult alcohol and drug dependence and will focus on studies in humans, non-human primates and rodents.Results Experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stressful life events prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in adolescence and alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. Early life stress can result in permanent neurohormonal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, morphological changes in the brain, and gene expression changes in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, all of which are implicated in the development of addiction. However, a large proportion of children who have experienced even severe early life stress do not develop psychopathology indicating that mediating factors such as gene-environment interactions and family and peer relationships are important for resilience.Conclusions There appears to be a direct pathway from chronic stress exposure in pre-pubertal children via adolescent problem drinking to alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. However, this route can be moderated by genetic and environmental factors. The role that gene-environment interactions play in the risk-resilience balance is being increasingly recognized.

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Enoch (2011) states that experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stress prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of early life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in early adulthood.
“experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stress prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of early life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in early adulthood”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
The section “The Association between Early Life Stress and Early Onset Problem Drinking” links childhood maltreatment and stressors to early drinking and adolescent binge drinking. The Conclusion describes pre-pubertal stress leading through adolescent problem drinking to alcohol or drug dependence in early adulthood. The paper does not specifically link stress in the first few years of life to problem drinking beginning in early adulthood; its discussion of maltreatment before age five concerns broader adult psychopathology. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Early-onset adolescent exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs predicts later AUD, substance use disorder, and related problems.
“Early-onset adolescent exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs of abuse also predicts later AUD and substance use disorder and alcohol-and drug-related problems (Grant et al., 2001;Englund et al., 2008;Enoch, 2011).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
The section on early life stress and early-onset problem drinking (page unavailable) says that alcohol use before age 15 predicts adult alcohol dependence, and that adolescent binge drinking predicts adult alcohol dependence and illicit drug use. It does not establish that early adolescent exposure to tobacco or drugs predicts later substance use disorder or drug-related problems. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Enoch (2011) states that environmental stressors can swamp genetic influences.
“environmental stressors can swamp genetic influences”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
Childhood trauma is a major risk factor for AUD and predicts earlier onset of heavy drinking.
“Exposure to childhood trauma is a major risk factor for the development and maintenance of AUD (De Bellis, 2002) and predicts an earlier onset of heavy drinking (Waldrop et al., 2007;Enoch, 2011).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
Adverse childhood experiences affect drug dependence.
“The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g. physical, psychological, or environmental threats to stable and functional development) on drug dependence (Benjet et al., 2013; Enoch, 2011; Mersky et al., 2013) and HPA axis function are also salient (Carpenter et al., 2011; Heim et al., 2002; MacMillan et al., 2009).”
From Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence (2015) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011

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Authors: Enoch, M.-A.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Enoch, Mary-Anne
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-07-02
Volume: 214
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-31
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6
PMC: PMC3005022
OpenAlex: W2073997424
Cited by: 668
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 3.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000306)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: early life stress, alcoholism, drug addiction, child abuse, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, gene-environment interaction, resilience, neuroplasticity, addiction risk
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcoholism, Animals, Child, Forecasting, Humans, Life Change Events, Primates, Rodentia, Stress, Psychological, Substance-Related Disorders, Resilience, Psychological

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