Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders as precursors of bipolar disorder onset in adulthood
Open accessAbstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders have been proposed as precursors of bipolar disorder, but their joint and relative roles in the development of bipolar disorder are unknown. Aims: To test the prospective relationship of ADHD and anxiety with onset of bipolar disorder. Method: We examined the relationship between ADHD, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder in a birth cohort of 2 409 236 individuals born in Denmark between 1955 and 1991. Individuals were followed from their sixteenth birthday or from January 1995 to their first clinical contact for bipolar disorder or until December 2012. We calculated incidence rates per 10 000 person-years and tested the effects of prior diagnoses on the risk of bipolar disorder in survival models. Results: Over 37 394 865 person-years follow-up, 9250 onsets of bipolar disorder occurred. The incidence rate of bipolar disorder was 2.17 (95% CI 2.12–2.19) in individuals with no prior diagnosis of ADHD or anxiety, 23.86 (95% CI 19.98–27.75) in individuals with a prior diagnosis of ADHD only, 26.05 (95% CI 24.47–27.62) in individuals with a prior diagnosis of anxiety only and 66.16 (95% CI 44.83–87.47) in those with prior diagnoses of both ADHD and anxiety. The combination of ADHD and anxiety increased the risk of bipolar disorder 30-fold (95% CI 21.66–41.40) compared with those with no prior ADHD or anxiety. Conclusions: Early manifestations of both internalising and externalising psychopathology indicate liability to bipolar disorder. The combination of ADHD and anxiety is associated with a very high risk of bipolar disorder. Declaration of interest: None.
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The personal earnings and household income of people with depression are substantially lower than those of people without depression.
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- Authors
- Meier, S. M., Pavlova, B., Dalsgaard, S., Nordentoft, M., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., & Uher, R.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Uher, Rudolf
- Venue
- The British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2018-06-21
- Volume
- 213
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 555-560
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2808787792
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Aarhus Universitetshospital
- Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation
- Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation (275319, 1716 and 353892, 275319, 353892)
- European Commission (275319)
- Canada Research Chairs (231397)
- Gentofte Hospital
- Dalhousie University
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2014-1724, R248‐2017‐2003)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF 16OC0022018)
- H. Lundbeck A/S (R155-2014-1724)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (142738, 124976, 148394)
- National Center for Research Resources
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, risk factors, birth cohort, incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Bipolar Disorder, Denmark, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Linear Models, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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