Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the importance of proper patient selection
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin E is a naturally occurring fat-soluble antioxidant which has been proposed as a treatment for both primary and secondary protection against cardiovascular (CV) events. Promising data from observational epidemiological studies associating higher vitamin E dietary intake with lower risk of CV events have not been validated in randomized controlled clinical trials assessing the effect of vitamin E on CV outcomes. While the pendulum of medical opinion has swung to suggest that high dose vitamin E supplements have no place in the treatment and prevention of CV disease, new data is emerging that allows identification of a specific target population for this treatment, namely patients with diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin genotype 2-2. This review details the scientific basis and clinical evidence related to the effect of vitamin E on CV outcomes, and the importance of proper patient selection in gaining therapeutic benefit from this intervention.
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Vitamin E supplementation can partially improve cardiovascular diseases in the elderly population, especially those with diabetes.
“For example, vitamin E supplementation can partially improve cardiovascular diseases in the elderly population, especially those with diabetes (Vardi et al. 2013).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Vardi et al. 2013
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Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Cesaro, A., Fimiani, F., Vano, M., Gargiulo, B., Caiazza, M., Amodio, F., Coto, I., D’Alicandro, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031249 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E—What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?
Wallert, M., Börmel, L., & Lorkowski, S. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000097 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Antioxidants: Basic principles, emerging concepts, and problems
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“Haptoglobin (Hp) is a hemoglobin (Hb) binding pro‐ tein whose major function is to bind the free hemoglobin released daily from intravascular hemolysis in an essentially irreversible, non‐covalent association.([23,24]) Free hemoglobin is highly toxic and has the ability to induce considerable oxidative tissue damage t…”
BackgroundCostacou, T., Levy, A. P., Miller, R. G., Snell‐Bergeon, J. K., Asleh, R., Farbstein, D., Fickley, C. E., Pambianco, G., de la Vega, R., Evans, R. W., et al. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0770-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“As clinical trials have generally failed to demonstrate reduced cardiovascular risk with atocopherol supplementation [4], it has been recently proposed that the success of antioxidant therapy may be limited to highly susceptible subgroups, such as individuals with diabetes and the haptoglobin (Hp) 2-2 genotype [5].”
Self-citationTopf, A., Mirna, M., Ohnewein, B., Jirak, P., Kopp, K. L., Fejzic, D., Haslinger, M., Motloch, L. J., Hoppe, U. C., Berezin, A. Е., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.579567 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In trials investigating the antioxidative effect of vitamin A, C, E and folic acid, all failed to demonstrate a reduction in outcomes or progression of CV disease (80).”
BackgroundAsleh, R., Briasoulis, Α., Berinstein, E. M., Wiener, J. B., Palla, M., Kushwaha, S. S., & Levy, A. (2018) · Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2147/pgpm.s159454 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“16,17 Despite encouraging preclinical data, early clinical trials failed to show a benefit of vitamin E supplementation on preventing CVD. 18 It is possible that this was due to a failure to identify specific patient populations with increased oxidative stress that would benefit from vitamin E therapy.”
Self-citationInteraction Between the Haptoglobin Genotype and Vitamin E on Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes
Hochberg, I., Berinstein, E. M., Milman, U., Shapira, C., & Levy, A. P. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0868-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Cardiovascular Diseases and Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin D and Vitamin K
Tsugawa, N. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.61.s170 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Berinstein, E. M., & Levy, A. P. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2017.1363887 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationVéjux, A., Ghzaiel, I., Mackrill, J. J., Dias, I. H. K., Rezig, L., Ksila, M., Zarrouk, A., Nury, T., Brahmi, F., Midaoui, A. E., et al. (2025) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106993 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Antioxidant Green Factories: Toward Sustainable Production of Vitamin E in Plant In Vitro Cultures
Muthulakshmi, M., Srinivasan, A., & Srivastava, S. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c05819 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Serum vitamin E as a significant prognostic factor in patients with dyslipidemia disorders.
Barzegar-Amini, M., Ghazizadeh, H., Seyedi, S. M. R., Sadeghnia, H., Mohammadi, A., Hassanzade-Daloee, M., Barati, E., Kharazmi-Khorassani, S., Kharazmi-Khorassani, J., Mohammadi-Bajgiran, M., et al. (2019) · Diabetes & metabolic syndrome · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.034 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hu, X., Fu, L., Yan, L., Lin, Z., Liu, X., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Ou, Z., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137405 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“On the basis of these results, a new viewpoint was proposed in which VitE may only be effective in specific patients suffering from CV problems [10].”
BackgroundMethodČervinková, B., Krčmová, L. K., Klabackova, S., Solichová, D., & Solich, P. (2017) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.201700492 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Vitamins in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Tappia, P. S., Shah, A. K., & Dhalla, N. S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25189761 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…be related to several factors, including differences in the coronary risks of the study patients [188], and in the design and quality of the study, as well as other limitations, including dosing, the treatment regimen, the type of vitamin E supplement, and the selection of study patients [189–192].”
BackgroundPinchuk, I., Kohen, R., Stuetz, W., Weber, D., Franceschi, C., Capri, M., Hurme, M., Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., Schön, C., Bernhardt, J., et al. (2021) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2021.109061 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease
Cuervo, L., McAlpine, P. L., Olano, C., Fernández, J., & Lombó, F. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910397 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Vitamin E has been described as an antioxidant due to its capacity to eliminate chain oxidative reactions and lipid radicals [375].”
BackgroundMorita, M., Naito, Y., Yoshikawa, T., & Niki, E. (2015) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c5fo00167f · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Červinková, B., Krčmová, L. K., Solichová, D., Melichar, B., & Solich, P. (2016) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9214-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“[22], it appears that α-tocopherol has a cardioprotective effect, but only in certain patient subgroups such as individuals on haemodialysis and patients with diabetes (haptoglobin 2-2 genotype).”
BackgroundBlaner, W. S. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.e042267 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The powerful story against cardiovascular diseases: Dietary factors
Kisioglu, B., & Nergiz‐Unal, R. (2017) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2017.1410172 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pei, R., Mah, E., Leonard, S. W., Traber, M. G., & Bruno, R. S. (2015) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2015.1040788 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Viener, H. L., Gorbatov, R., Vardi, M., Doros, G. D., Miller‐Lotan, R., Zohar, Y., Sabo, E., Asleh, R., Levy, N. S., Goldfarb, L. J., et al. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“administered antioxidant supplementation [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMethods for assessment of Vitamin E
Leonard, S. W., & Traber, M. G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813050-6.00004-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Natural product-based treatment potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease
Shrivastav, D., Kumbhakar, S. K., Srivastava, S., & Singh, D. D. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i7.1603 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chen, D., Li, B., Li, B., Zhang, X., Wei, L., & Zheng, W. (2019) · Green Processing and Synthesis · doi:10.1515/gps-2019-0037 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Role of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Health: Know Your Facts-Part 2
Manolis, A. S., Manolis, T. A., Melita, H., & Manolis, A. S. (2023) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161121666230911115725 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, N. F. A. F. A. (., Turck, D., Bohn, T., Castenmiller, J. J. M., Henauw, S. D., Hirsch‐Ernst, K. I., Knutsen, H. K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H. J., et al. (2024) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8953 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vahid, F., Nasiri, Z., Abbasnezhad, A., & Moghadam, E. F. (2021) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-211503 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Other studies have investigated the link between vitamin D and CHD, or vitamin E and CHD, or beta-carotene and CHD, [24–26] and diverse and contradictory results have been reported.”
Inhibition of platelet activation using vitamins
Kobzar, G. (2019) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2019.1652262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“high levels of oxidative stress such as those individuals on hemodialysis or in diabetic individuals with the Hp 2–2 genotype[37].”
Backgroundda Purificação, N. R. C., Garcia, V. B., Frez, F. C. V., Sehaber, C. C., Lima, K. R. D. A., Lima, M. F. D. O., Vasconcelos, R. C., de Araújo, A. A., Júnior, R. F. D. A., Lacchini, S., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113131 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Growth curves in Down syndrome with congenital heart disease
Sica, C. D., Cesa, C. C., & Pellanda, L. C. (2016) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.414 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ameur, R. B., HadjKacem, B., Ayadi, M. A., Ikram, B. A., Feki, A., Gargouri, J., Gargouri, A. F., & Allouche, N. (2024) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.202300274 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mehvari, F., Imanparast, F., Mohaghegh, P., Alimoradian, A., Khansari, N., Asl, B. A., & Khosrowbeygi, A. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01254-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Studies show that the use of vitamin E supplements is not useful for all people and it should be prescribed to some people such as diabetic patients with low levels of vitamin E in their serum to have effective and useful effects [32].”
BackgroundMorita, M., Naito, Y., Yoshikawa, T., & Niki, E. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.033 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tocopherols: Physiology and Health Effects
Järvinen, R., & Erkkilä, A. T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00695-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Walters, G. W. M., Redman, E. L., Gulsin, G. S., Henson, J. J., Argyridou, S., Yates, T. E., Davies, M. J., Parke, K. S., McCann, G. P., & Brady, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2021.82 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“While other micronutrients such as zinc((20)) and vitamin E((21)) have been associated with heart disease and CVD prevention, these specific micronutrients are not considered in the present study as they were not analysed from the fasting blood samples.”
BackgroundVitamins and Their Impact on Human Health
Tiwari, N. K., Mehrotra, N., Tripathi, P., & Sharma, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4723-8_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sterols and fat-soluble vitamins
Zhou, J., Wang, M., Pallarés, N., Ferrer, E., Berrada, H., & Barba, F. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823371-9.00017-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Association Between Fat-soluble Vitamins and Lipid Profile in the Overweight Population
Piran, S., Sarmasti, S., Shabani, M., Kakavandi, N., Hosseni, B., Khosravi, M., Resaee, S., Soltanmohammadi, E., Naseri, F., Mohammadi, A., et al. (2019) · Recent Patents on Food Nutrition & Agriculture · doi:10.2174/2212798410666190618152134 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Importance of Vitamin E and Its Metabolism for Health and Disease
Börmel, L., Geisler, A. R., Stefan Lorkowski, A., & Wallert, M. (2024) · Advances in biochemistry in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55489-6_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zheng, P., Zhang, L., Sheng, D., Wang, M., Li, R., Zhao, W., Liu, R., Xiu, X., Zhao, Y.-S., Min, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2024/6645595 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It should be noted that not all antioxidants are equivalent when evaluating the potential of antioxidant therapy against the CVD risk in patients with diabetes, and the ben-e fi ts among speci fi c patient subgroups cannot be ruled out [37].”
BackgroundNebbioso, M., Vestri, A., Gharbiya, M., D’Andrea, M., Calbucci, M., Pasqualotto, F., Esposito, S., D’Amico, A., Castellani, V., Carlesimo, S. C., et al. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61020347 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…These events contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, leading to HYCH, platelet aggregation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombotic events, peripheral thrombosis, and metabolic diseases [29–33]. atherosclerosis, atherothrombotic events, peripheral thrombosis, and metabolic diseases [29–33].”
Jinno, K., Hirata, T., Watanabe, A., Hatakeyama, S., Akiyama, T., TAKAHASHI, G., Kobayashi, M., & Mori, A. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/abb718 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in women referring to health centers in Tabriz, Iran, 2017
Molani‐Gol, R., Rafraf, M., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2018) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2018.45 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ferroptosis-related stress during aging and its relevance to disease
Maher, P. A., Soriano‐Castell, D., Dar, N. J., Soriano, S., & Currais, A. J. M. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01929-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Although epidemiologic studies initially suggested that consumption of high amounts of vitamin E through diet or supplements decreased rates of CVDs, randomized controlled clinical trials have failed to validate these results [396].”
Naghera, N., Parmar, R., Dudhagara, D., Gamit, S., Nandaniya, N., Chaun, D., Kothari, R., Hari, N., & Vyas, S. (2025) · Food Hydrocolloids for Health · doi:10.1016/j.fhfh.2025.100260 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Low, B. Y., & Islahudin, F. H. (2026) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2026.102617 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mthembu, S. X. H., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., Silvestri, S., Orlando, P., Nkambule, B. B., Muller, C. J. F., Tiano, L., & Dludla, P. V. (2025) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2024.2449378 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[29,61,62] However, clinical trials have shown mixed results regarding the beneficial effects of these vitamins on heart failure.”
Delgado, G., Kleber, M. E., Moissl, A. P., Winklhofer‐Roob, B. M., Krämer, B. K., Renner, W., Langsenlehner, T., Dschietzig, T. B., März, W., & Armbruster, F. P. (2024) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2024-001061 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“12 A number of clinical trials however failed to provide evidence for a cardiovascular benefit of vitamin E supplementation, 13 a notable exception being the SPACE trial that showed that haemodialysis patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease and an exceedingly high level of oxidative stress…”
The Efficacy of Vitamin E in Prevention and Treatment of Health Conditions
Hunter, S., & Shah, A. K. (2026) · Advances in biochemistry in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14441-6_14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beyond 100 years of vitamin E and related molecules – Milestones and open challenges
Maria, W.-W., Jeffrey, A., Azzi, A., Bartolini, D., Birringer, M., Werner, B., Börmel, L., Consuelo, B., Cook‐Mills, J. M., Eggersdorfer, M. L., et al. (2026) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2026.101477 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Momodu, O. I., & Idemudia, O. U. (2024) · Journal of applied science and environmental management · doi:10.4314/jasem.v28i6.22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…lipid peroxidation, thus preventing oxidative stress (Rizvi et al. , 2014). α-Tocopherol has also been found to be beneficial in improving immune function, lowering the risk of vascular thromboembolism, and providing support for patients with coronary heart disease and stroke (Vardi et al. , 2013).”
BackgroundSlimani, W. A., Albergamo, A., Rando, R., Nava, V., Safi, M. O., Bensenane, S. M. B., Turco, V. L., Benmahioul, B., & Bella, G. D. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13172752 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although the mean squalene content was slightly higher in the wild oil, the statistical analysis did not report a significant difference between the two types of oil ( p > 0.05).”
BackgroundInfluentialSaludas, L., Garbayo, E., Abizanda, G., Dormont, F., Santamaría, E., Prósper, F., Couvreur, P., & Blanco‐Prieto, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114369 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efeitos da suplementação das vitaminas C e E na prática de atividade física: uma revisão sistemática
Vilarinho, M. D. F. S. B., Soares, T. D. C., Soares, T. D. C., Rocha, L. D. A., Santana, L. C. B., da Silva, L. A. A., Farias, R. K. D. C., da Silva, N. C., Sousa, M. M. D. C., Silva, K. H. R., et al. (2019) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e354.2019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols content in vegetable oils and industrial fats
Zaborowska, Z., & Przygoński, K. (2016) · Towaroznawcze Problemy Jakości. Polskie Towarzystwo Towaroznawcze · doi:10.19202/j.cs.2016.03.08 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Bases for Therapeutic Roles of Vitamin E and n-3 PUFA
Rodrigo, R. (2017) · Journal of Liver Research Disorders & Therapy · doi:10.15406/jlrdt.2017.03.00079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Clinical trials have not provided convincing evidence of a vitamin E protective effect for cardiovascular risk in general population [96].”
BackgroundVitamin E, high-density lipoproteins, and vascular protection in diabetes
Costacou, T., Wiener, J. B., Berinstein, E. M., & Levy, A. P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815776-3.00040-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE ASSESSMENT OF BIOMARKER COMPLEX IN MEN WITH CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Kashtanova, E. V., Chernjavsky, A. M., Polonskaya, Y. V., Stakhneva, E. M., Кургузов, А. В., Murashov, I. S., Kamenskaya, O. V., & Ragino, Y. I. (2016) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2016-2-60-64 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
19. Egg fortification for improved cardiometabolicrelated effects
Shapira, N., & Sharon, O. (2015) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-804-9_19
Ragino, Y. V., Stakhneva, E. M., Sadovski, E. V., Щербакова, Л. В., & Malyutina, S. K. (2016) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2016-6-41-44
Systemowa równowaga antyoksyacyjna u pacjentów bez klinicznej manifestacji miażdżycy
Majer, M., Gackowski, D., Różalski, R., Siomek, A., Oliński, R., & Budzyński, J. (2018) · Acta Angiologica · doi:10.5603/aa.2018.0001
“depends on variable proinflammatory phenotype expression in inflammatory cells [5] as well as in the bioavailability of antioxidants and individual potential for their storage and the maintenance of adequate and protective blood concentrations [17, 18].”
BackgroundRelevanz einer Supplementation mit Mikronährstoffen für die Herzgesundheit
Wallert, M., & Stefan Lorkowski, A. (2018) · Ernährung & Medizin · doi:10.1055/a-0682-0670
“Jedoch gibt es auch neue Ansatzpunkte im Bereich der Vitamin-E-Forschung.”
BackgroundInfluentialMirmiran, P., Hosseini‐Esfahani, F., Esfandiar, Z., Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., & Azizi, F. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-153815/v1
Review Article on The Screening of Cardioprotective and Anti-oxidant Activity.
Lou, D. M. M., Yadav, K., Pkm, N., & Bhutia, G. T. (2018) · Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
Mirmiran, P., Esfandiar, Z., Hosseini‐Esfahani, F., Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., & Azizi, F. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.18583/v1
“By contrast, several large randomized controlled trials have failed to corroborate the benefits of vitamin E in CVD prevention (6), this inconsistency can be due to several factors based on timing of intervention, gene polymorphisms or inherent confounding, and pathophysiological conditions in study populations.”
BackgroundResultMirmiran, P., Esfandiar, Z., Hosseini‐Esfahani, F., Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., & Azizi, F. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.18583/v2
“In contrast, several large randomized controlled trials have failed to corroborate the benefits of vitamin E in CVD prevention (29), which can be due to several factors, such as the time of intervention, gene polymorphisms or inherent confounding, and pathophysiological conditions in study populations.”
ResultEllatif, M. E. A., Dallak, M. A., Dawood, A. F., Eid, R. A., Bayoumy, N. M. K., & Ebrahim, H. A. (2022) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022022000300697
Application of Gene Mining and Editing Technologies for Agricultural Research and Breeding
Niekerk, L., Carelse, M. F., Bakare, O. O., Klein, A., Gokul, A., & Keyster, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5767-2_3
Fat-Soluble Antioxidants: Role of Postprandial Lipoproteins
Le, N. (2024) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1004853
Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Fitzpatrick-Wong, S. C., Tappia, P. S., & Dhalla, N. S. (2024) · Advances in biochemistry in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55489-6_11
Saroj, U. R., Desai, P., & Garg, G. K. (2024) · International Ayurvedic Medical Journal · doi:10.46607/iamj0612062024
Natural antioxidant therapeutics against microbial infection
Duttaroy, A. K., & Jena, A. B. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43884-4.00012-x
Antioxidants and Inflammation: Bridging Natural Remedies with Modern Technology for Healthier Living
Sanshita, S., Adeleye, O. A., Thakur, V., Mustapha, A. D., Kaur, N., Akin-Ajani, O. D., Odeku, O. A., Singh, I., & Grag, K. (2025) · Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy · doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1610284
Habib, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e634ffe7zc86dz4e0fzb03dz223ee5589a93
Koh, Y.-M., Yang, J. J., Cai, Q., Yoo, M.-J., Jo, A., Hong, Y.-R., Zeidan, R. S., Cacciatore, S., Anton, S., Leeuwenburgh, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101901
- Authors
- Vardi, M., Levy, N. S., & Levy, A. P.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Andrew P.
- ORCID
- Levy, Andrew P.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2307-2314
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3735930
- OpenAlex
- W2029249245
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK085226)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- vitamin E, cardiovascular disease prevention, patient selection, diabetes mellitus, haptoglobin genotype, antioxidant supplementation, cardiovascular outcomes, dietary vitamin E intake, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Trials as Topic, Haptoglobins, Humans, Vitamin E, Patient Selection, Diabetes Complications, Precision Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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