Dietary Antioxidants as Modifiers of Physiologic Adaptations to Exercise
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Adaptive responses to exercise training (ET) are crucial in maintaining physiologic homeostasis and health span. Exercise-induced aerobic bioenergetic reactions in the mitochondria and cytosol increase production of reactive oxygen species, where excess of reactive oxygen species can be scavenged by enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants (AO) to protect against deleterious oxidative stress. Free radicals, however, have recently been recognized as crucial signaling agents that promote adaptive mechanisms to ET, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, AO enzyme activity defense system upregulation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. Commonly used nonenzymatic AO supplements, such as vitamins C and E, α-lipoic acid, and polyphenols, in combination with ET, have been proposed as ways to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress and hence improve adaptation responses to endurance training. METHODS: During the PubMed search, we selected studies that examined and compared ET effects with and without administration of commonly used AO supplements. RESULTS: Preclinical and clinical studies to date have shown inconsistent results indicating either positive or negative effects of endurance training combined with different blends of AO supplements (mostly vitamins C and E and α-lipoic acid) on redox status, mitochondrial biogenesis pathways, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical reports on ET combined with resveratrol, however, have shown consistent positive effects on exercise performance, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin sensitivity, with clinical trials reporting mixed effects. Relevant clinical studies have been few and have used inconsistent results and methodology (types of compounds, combinations, and supplementation time). CONCLUSIONS: The future studies should investigate the effects of specific AO and other popular supplements, such as α-lipoic acid and resveratrol, on training effects in humans. Of particular importance are older adults who may be at higher risk of age-related increased oxidative stress, an impaired AO enzyme defense system, and comorbidities such as hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes.
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Not all studies have demonstrated such effects, and differences between studies may be a function of the specific antioxidants used, and the dose and timing of intake.
“Not all studies have demonstrated such effects and differences between studies may be a function of the specific antioxidants used, and the dose and timing of intake [96].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- MANKOWSKI, R. T., ANTON, S. D., BUFORD, T. W., & LEEUWENBURGH, C.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of Florida (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1857-1868
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4690615
- OpenAlex
- W1968116291
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028740, P30AG021332)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- dietary antioxidants, training effects, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin sensitivity, vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, resveratrol, polyphenols, endurance training, older adults, antioxidant supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Antioxidants, Organelle Biogenesis, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Mitochondria, Muscle, Oxidation-Reduction, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Oxidative Stress, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Physical Conditioning, Human
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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