Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI)

Kraaimaat, Floris W.; Evers, Andrea W. M.

doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1004_5

Cited by 202Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPediatric Pain Management TechniquesPain Management and Opioid Use

Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI)

Kraaimaat, Floris W., Evers, Andrea W. M.·2003·International Journal of Behavioral Medicine

DOI 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1004_5

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Abstract

This article presents a series of studies aimed at validating a comprehensive pain-coping inventory (PCI) that is applicable to various types of patients with chronic pain. Item and scale analyses were performed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with chronic headache, and pain clinic outpatients. The following 6 scales were derived from a simultaneous component analysis: Pain Transformation, Distraction, Reducing Demands, Retreating, Worrying, and Resting, all of which were internally reliable. A higher order factor analysis grouped the PCI scales into active (transformation, distraction, reducing demands) and passive (retreating, worrying, resting) pain-coping dimensions. Differences in use of strategy found between RA patients and headache patients indicated that the PCI scales were sufficiently sensitive to measure differences between groups. Concurrent validity was assessed for patients with RA and patients with fibromyalgia and predictive validity was assessed for patients with recently diagnosed RA after 1 and 3 years. In both analyses the validity of the scales was supported, in particular the predictive validity of passive coping scales for future outcomes.

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Women report using catastrophizing, behavioral activities, positive self-statements, social and emotional support, and problem-focused coping more often than men.
“compared to men, women have endorsed more frequent use of catastrophizing, behavioral activities, positive self-statements, social and emotional support, and problem-focused coping 148, 201–204.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [204]

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Self-citation
Defining knee pain trajectories in early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in primary care: 5-year results from a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK)
Bastick, A. N., Wesseling, J., Damen, J., Verkleij, S. P., Emans, P. J., Bindels, P., & Bierma‐Zeinstra, S. (2015) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp15x688129 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Adherence to a Web-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Patients With Knee and/or Hip Osteoarthritis: A Mixed Method Study
Bossen, D., Buskermolen, M., Veenhof, C., de Bakker, D. H., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2742 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Active and passive pain coping were determined by the Pain Coping Inventory questionnaire [40].”
Method
Prognostic Factors for Low Back Pain in Patients Referred for Physiotherapy
Bekkering, G. E., Hendriks, H. J. M., van Tulder, M. W., Knol, D. L., Simmonds, M. J., Oostendorp, R. A. B., & Bouter, L. M. (2005) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000173901.64181.db · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain
Urquhart, D. M., Wluka, A. E., van Tulder, M. W., Heritier, S. R., Forbes, A. B., Fong, C., Wang, Y., Sim, M. R., Gibson, S. J., Arnold, C. A., et al. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4222 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Intensive group training protocol versus guideline physiotherapy for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomised controlled trial
van der Roer, N., van Tulder, M. W., Barendse, J. M., Knol, D. L., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2008) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0718-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Secondary outcomes were: (1) fear of movement/(re)injury using the 17-item Tampa scale [10]; (2) pain coping strategies assessed using the Pain Coping Inventory [ 11 ]; (3) self-efficacy beliefs are measured using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire [14].”
Method
The prognosis of chronic low back pain is determined by changes in pain and disability in the initial period
Heymans, M. W., van Buuren, S., Knol, D. L., Anema, J. R., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2010) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2010.06.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Active pain coping consists of the subscales transformation of pain, distraction, and lowering demands, and passive pain coping consists of the subscales withdrawal, worrying, and resting [32].”
Background
The Impact of Coping Strategies on Mental and Physical Well-Being in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Englbrecht, M., Gossec, L., DeLongis, A., Voshaar, M., Sokka, T., Kvien, T. K., & Schett, G. A. (2012) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Health Care Use of Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee After Implementation of a Stepped‐Care Strategy: An Observational Study
Smink, A., Dekker, J., Vlieland, T. V. V., Swierstra, B., Kortland, J., Bijlsma, J., Teerenstra, S., Voorn, T., Bierma-Zeinstra, S., Schers, H., et al. (2014) · Arthritis care & research · doi:10.1002/acr.22222 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“, self-efficacy and active pain coping, were assessed with validated questionnaires: the Dutch Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (DGSS) (24) and the Pain Coping Inventory list (25), respectively.”
Method
Prognostic factors for the two‐year course of activity limitations in early osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee
Holla, J., Steultjens, M. P. M., Roorda, L. D., Heymans, M. W., ten Wolde, S., & Dekker, J. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20263 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“03) Pain Coping Inventory (32) Distraction (range 5–20) 11 (9–13) 1.”
Behavioural modification interventions for medically unexplained symptoms in primary care: systematic reviews and economic evaluation
Leaviss, J., Davis, S., Ren, S., Hamilton, J., Scope, A., Booth, A., Sutton, A., Parry, G. D., Buszewicz, M., Moss-Morris, R. E., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24460 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Predictors of outcome of multidisciplinary treatment in chronic widespread pain: An observational study
de Rooij, A., van der Leeden, M., Roorda, L. D., Steultjens, M. P., & Dekker, J. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-133 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Adequate psychometric properties have been documented [44].”
Active or passive pain coping strategies in hip and knee osteoarthritis? results of a national survey of 4,719 patients in a primary care setting
Perrot, S., Poiraudeau, S., Kabir, M., Bertin, P., Sichère, P., Serrié, A., & Rannou, F. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24205 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Strategies used for managing symptoms by women with fibromyalgia
Traska, T. K., Rutledge, D. N., Mouttapa, M., Weiss, J. W., & Aquino, J. K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03501.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In studies exploring strategies used by individuals living with chronic pain (Kraaimaat & Evers 2003, Shariff et al. 2009), distraction was an active coping method associated with less functional limitations when used regularly.”
Background
Identifying Trajectories of Pain Severity in Early Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A 5-year Followup of the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) Study
Wesseling, J., Bastick, A. N., ten Wolde, S., Kloppenburg, M., Lafeber, F. P. J. G., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., & Bijlsma, J. W. J. (2015) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.141036 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cost effectiveness of a multi-stage return to work program for workers on sick leave due to low back pain, design of a population based controlled trial [ISRCTN60233560]
Steenstra, I. A., Anema, J. R., Bongers, P. M., de Vet, H. C. W., & van Mechelen, W. (2003) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-4-26 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Does a decrease in avoidance behavior and focusing on fatigue mediate the effect of cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome?
Wiborg, J. F., Knoop, H., Prins, J. B., & Bleijenberg, G. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.011 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“[17], with the exception of one item (the selfadministration of physical stimuli) which was excluded because it did not load substantially on any of our factors (i.”
BackgroundMethod
Early rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery is not effective or cost-effective compared to no referral: a randomised trial and economic evaluation
Oosterhuis, T., Ostelo, R., van Dongen, J. M., Peul, W. C., de Boer, M. R., Bosmans, J. E., Vleggeert-Lankamp, C. L. A., Arts, M. P., & van Tulder, M. W. (2017) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2017.05.016 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Prognostic factors, indicating an unfavourable outcome after lumbar disc surgery, included duration of symptoms and medication use preceding surgery, and complications during surgery, which were measured at baseline.18 Also at baseline, scores were obtained on the following instruments: credibility/expectancy question…”
Method
Course and prognosis of knee complaints in general practice
van der Waal, J. M., Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2005) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.21581 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Several intra-individual factors were measured, including presence of menopause, use of pain medication, pain coping strategies (6 subscales from the Pain Coping Inventory, with a higher score indicating more use of the strategy [20]), distress (short-version subscale from the Four Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire, w…”
Method
Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactivity to chronic itching: analogies to chronic pain
Verhoeven, L., Kraaimaat, F., Duller, P., Kerkhof, P. V. D., & Evers, A. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1303_7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Cognitive and behavioral responses to itching were assessed with an analogous form of the Pain Coping Inventory (Evers et al., 2001; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003 ).”
Method
Kinesiophobia and maladaptive coping strategies prevent improvements in pain catastrophizing following pain neuroscience education in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: An explorative study
Malfliet, A., Oosterwijck, J. V., Meeus, M., Cagnie, B. J., Danneels, L. A., Dolphens, M., Buyl, R., & Nijs, J. (2017) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1331481 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The Dutch version of the PCI has been found to have sufficient reliability (Crohnbach’s alpha ranging between 0.42 and .060) (Kraaimaat, Bakker, and Evers, 1997; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
What Works Best for Whom?
Steenstra, I. A., Knol, D. L., Bongers, P. M., Anema, J. R., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2009) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181a09631 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Do Psychosocial Factors Predict Muscle Strength, Pain, or Physical Performance in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis?
Baert, I. A. C., Meeus, M., Mahmoudian, A., Luyten, F. P., Nijs, J., & Verschueren, S. (2017) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/rhu.0000000000000560 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Explaining pain following cancer: a practical guide for clinicians
Nijs, J., Wijma, A. J., Leysen, L., Pas, R., Willaert, W., Hoelen, W., Ickmans, K., & van Wilgen, C. P. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Avoidance of Activities in Early Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Results from the CHECK Cohort
Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Knol, D. L., Peter, W. F., Roorda, L. D., Lems, W. F., Wesseling, J., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9353-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Avoidance of activities was assessed with the resting subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) [25].”
MethodInfluential
Predicting outcome of TENS in chronic pain: A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trial
Oosterhof, J., Samwel, H. J. A., de Boo, T. M., Wilder‐Smith, O. H. G., Oostendorp, R. A. B., & Crul, B. J. P. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.06.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Pain coping was measured with the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) (Kraaimaat et al., 1997; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003), which measures 3 passive cognitive and behavioral coping strategies when dealing with pain.”
Method
Efficacy of a Web-Based Self-Management Enhancing Program for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial
Zuidema, R., van Dulmen, S., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Meek, I., van den Ende, C. H. M., Fransen, J., & van Gaal, B. G. I. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12463 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This questionnaire is based on a subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory questionnaire and modified to assess coping with fatigue instead of coping with pain [33].”
Method
No evidence for the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary group based treatment program in patients with osteoarthritis of hands on the short term; results of a randomized controlled trial
Stukstette, M. J. P. M., Dekker, J., den Broeder, A. A., Westeneng, J. M., Bijlsma, J. W. J., & van den Ende, C. H. M. (2013) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prognostic value of coping strategies in a community-based sample of persons with chronic symptomatic knee osteoarthritis
Alschuler, K. N., Molton, I. R., Jensen, M. P., & Riddle, D. L. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although this differs from Holla and colleagues’ [16] finding that less catastrophic worrying was associated with worse functioning, it is not clear that the definition of pain catastrophizing is consistent across the measure used in that study (Pain Coping Inventory [PCI] [29]) and the present study (CSQ), as the pai…”
A comparison of coping strategies in patients with fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, and pain‐free controls
Baastrup, S. S., Schultz, R., Brødsgaard, I., Moore, R., Jensen, T. S., Vase, L., Bach, F. W., Rosenberg, R., & Gormsen, L. K. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12325 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Although widely studied, consensus on the most efficient coping strategies in chronic pain patients is, however, still lacking and diverse results exist (Angst, Brioschi, Main, Lehmann & Aeschlimann, 2006; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Sim & Madden, 2008).”
Background
Passive imputation and parcel summaries are both valid to handle missing items in studies with many multi-item scales
Eekhout, I. E., de Vet, H. C. W., de Boer, M. R., Twisk, J. W. R., & Heymans, M. W. (2016) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216654511 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Intravenous Magnesium for Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-1)
Fischer, S. G. L., Collins, S. E., Boogaard, S., Loer, S. A., Zuurmond, W. W. A., & Perez, R. S. G. M. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12211 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multidisciplinary allocation of chronic pain treatment: effects and cognitive-behavioural predictors of outcome
Samwel, H. J. A., Kraaimaat, F. W., Crul, B. J. P., van Dongen, R. D., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910708x337760 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The PCI measures cognitive and behavioural attempts to cope with pain on a 4-point Likert scale (‘rarely or never’ to ‘very frequently’).”
MethodSelf-citation
A systematic review of outcome measures utilised to assess self-management in clinical trials in patients with chronic pain
Banerjee, A., Hendrick, P. A., Bhattacharjee, P., & Blake, H. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.12.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Pain Coping Inventory (Patients with pain) [60] 0 0 0 0”
Work-related physical and psychosocial risk factors for sick leave in patients with neck or upper extremity complaints
Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., van der Beek, A. J., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2007) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0186-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“a Pain Coping Inventory ( Kraaimaat and Evers 2003; Kraaimaat et al.”
Method
Poor psychological health status among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases and osteoarthritis in multidisciplinary rehabilitation: Need for a routine psychological assessment
Vriezekolk, J. E., Eijsbouts, A. M. M., Evers, A. W. M., Stenger, A. A. M. E., van den Hoogen, F. H. J., & van Lankveld, W. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903323250 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The PCI has demonstrated good psychometric properties across different chronic pain disorders.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Reduced work capacity after lumbar disc surgery: The role of cognitive-behavioral and work-related risk factors
den Boer, J. J., Oostendorp, R. A. B., Beems, T., Munneke, M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Passive pain coping was measured 1 day preoperatively with the Pain-Coping Inventory (Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003), a pain-coping instrument that measures different cognitive and behavioral methods of dealing with pain, which are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1, rarely or never; 4, very…”
Self-citation
Identifying generic predictors of outcome in patients presenting to primary care with nonspinal musculoskeletal pain
Henschke, N., Ostelo, R., Terwee, C., & van der Windt, D. (2012) · Arthritis care & research · doi:10.1002/acr.21665 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Based on previous studies in the literature about prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain, the influence of the following factors was investigated: demographic variables (age, sex, and level of education), pain characteristics (severity, frequency, previous episodes of pain, and reporting of pain in many places),…”
Background
Cognitive–behavioral mechanisms in a pain‐avoidance and a pain‐persistence treatment for high‐risk fibromyalgia patients
van Koulil, S., Kraaimaat, F., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Donders, A. R. T., Thieme, K., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., et al. (2011) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20445 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cost-effectiveness of minimal interventional procedures for chronic mechanical low back pain: design of four randomised controlled trials with an economic evaluation
Maas, E. T., Juch, J. N. S., Groeneweg, G., Ostelo, R., Koes, B. W., Verhagen, A. P., van Raamt, M., Wille, F., Huygen, F. J. P. M., & van Tulder, M. W. (2012) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-260 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Kraaimaat FW, Evers AWM: Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI).”
Method
Predictors and Outcome of Pain‐Related Avoidance of Activities in Persons With Early Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Five‐Year Followup Study
Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Knol, D. L., Roorda, L. D., Hilberdink, W. K. H. A., Lems, W. F., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2014) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22381 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The PCI has been shown to be a valid measure of pain coping in persons with several chronic pain conditions (28) and also in patients with OA (6).”
BackgroundMethod
Defining hip pain trajectories in early symptomatic hip osteoarthritis – 5 year results from a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK)
Bastick, A. N., Verkleij, S. P., Damen, J., Wesseling, J., Hilberdink, W. K., Bindels, P., & Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M. (2016) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.023 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Screening for pain-persistence and pain-avoidance patterns in fibromyalgia
van Koulil, S., Kraaimaat, F., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/10705500802222964 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Pain-related retreating was assessed with the 7-item scale “retreating” of the PCI ( Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Kraaimaat et al., 1997), reflecting behavioral tendencies to avoid environmental stimuli on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from “rarely or never” to “very frequently” with a Cronbach’s α of .75 in this study.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia: Two case studies
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.025 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Role of psychological aspects in both chronic pain and in daily functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective longitudinal study
Meeus, M., Nijs, J., Mol, E. V., Truijen, S., & Meirleir, K. D. (2012) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-012-1946-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The role of fear-avoidance and helplessness in explaining functional disability in chronic pain: a prospective study
Samwel, H. J. A., Kraaimaat, F. W., Evers, A. W. M., & Crul, B. J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03002998 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Worrying. Patients scored the 9-item Worrying scale of the PCI ( Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003 ).”
MethodSelf-citation
Frequency, severity and determinants of functional limitations in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity: Results of a cross-sectional study
Hermsen, L. A. H., Leone, S. S., Smalbrugge, M., Dekker, J., & van der Horst, H. E. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.02.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Activity avoidance was measured with the 5-item resting subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI; score range of 5–20), with a higher score indicating more pain-related activity avoidance (Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003).”
Method
Poor Illness Perceptions Are a Risk Factor for Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
de Heer, E. W., Vriezekolk, J. E., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00217 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Conirmatory construct and criterion validity of the scales and the second-order structure with respect to active and passive pain-coping strategies were supported (40, 41).”
Method
Behavior change, acceptance, and coping flexibility in highly distressed patients with rheumatic diseases: Feasibility of a cognitive-behavioral therapy in multimodal rehabilitation
Vriezekolk, J. E., Geenen, R., van den Ende, C. H. M., Slot, H., van Lankveld, W. G. J. M., & van Helmond, T. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.09.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of an intensive group training protocol compared to physiotherapy guideline care for sub-acute and chronic low back pain: design of a randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation. [ISRCTN45641649]
van der Roer, N., van Tulder, M. W., Barendse, J. M., van Mechelen, W., Franken, W. K., Ooms, A. C., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2004) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-5-45 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A 12-week multicomponent therapy in fibromyalgia improves health but not in concomitant moderate depression, an exploratory pilot study
Ollevier, A., Vanneuville, I., Carron, P., Baetens, T., Goderis, T., Gabriel, L., & VELDE, D. V. D. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1543361 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Dutch instrument has a high validity and reliability [26].”
Background
Do Personalized Feedback Messages about Activity Patterns Stimulate Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain to Change their Activity Behavior on a Short Term Notice?
Weering, M. D.-V., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R., & Hermens, H. J. (2012) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9181-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Risk factors for longer term psychological distress in well-functioning fibromyalgia patients: A prospective study into prognostic factors
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.08.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“All the questionnaires employed in this study were used in previous studies of FM and other chronic physical syndromes and all showed good validity and reliability [19,21–31].”
Self-citation
Agreement of general practitioners with the guideline-based stepped-care strategy for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a cross-sectional study
Smink, A., Bierma-Zeinstra, S., Dekker, J., Vlieland, T. V. V., Bijlsma, J., Swierstra, B., Kortland, J., Voorn, T., van den Ende, C. V. D., & Schers, H. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-33 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A content review of cognitive process measures used in pain research within adult populations
Day, M. A., Lang, C. P., Newton-John, T. R. O., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.917 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…scale; The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire, ‘Cognitive Self-Consciousness’ scale (Cartwright-Hatton and Wells, 1997); The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-SF, ‘Cognitive Self-Consciousness’ scale (Wells and Cartwright-Hatton, 2004); Imaging Ability Questionnaire, ‘Absorption’ scale (Kwekkeboom, 2000).”
The Role of Pain Coping and Kinesiophobia in Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 of the Legs
Marinus, J., Perez, R. S. G. M., van Eijs, F., van Gestel, M. A., Geurts, J. W., Huygen, F. J. P. M., Bauer, M. C., & van Hilten, J. J. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31826f9a8a · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“1) CRPS Severity Score, median (IQR; range) 12 (10-14; 6-17) Rising & Walking, mean (SD) Walking inside 6.”
Parental Functioning in the Context of Adolescent Chronic Pain: A Review of Previously used Measures
Jordan, A. L., Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm139 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) Kraaimaat and Evers (2003) Pain related coping Summary and scale 34”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus: An indication for manual therapy plus education? Part 2: A pilot study
Oostendorp, R. A. B., Bakker, I., Elvers, H., Mikołajewska, E., Michiels, S., Hertogh, W. D., & Samwel, H. J. A. (2016) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.02.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Which Pain Coping Strategies and Cognitions Are Associated with Outcomes of a Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury?
Matagne Heutink, B., Post, M. W. M., Overdulve, C., Pfennings, L. E. M. A., van de Vis, W., Vrijens, N. L. H., & Lindeman, E. (2013) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/sci1904-330 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Referral to Secondary Care in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee After Implementation of a Stepped‐Care Strategy
Barten, D., Smink, A. J., Swinkels, I. C. S., Veenhof, C., Schers, H., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., de Bakker, D. H., Dekker, J., & van den Ende, C. H. M. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22935 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Active pain coping: Pain Coping Inventory list (range 12–48); higher score reflects more use of an active coping style (19)”
Sex matters in complex regional pain syndrome
van Velzen, G. A. J., Huygen, F. J. P. M., van Kleef, M., van Eijs, F., Marinus, J., & van Hilten, J. J. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1375 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For both sexes, the association between CRPS and depression has been documented before (for review see Lohnberg & Altmaier, 2013), and in one study, previous day pain was a significant predictor of next day's negative and depressed mood (Feldman, Downey, & Schaffer‐Neitz, 1999).”
Background
Effect of stepped care on health outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis: an observational study in Dutch general practice
Smink, A. J., van den Ende, C. H., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Swierstra, B. A., Kortland, J. H., Voorn, T. B., Teerenstra, S., Schers, H., Dekker, J., et al. (2014) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp14x681337 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Active pain coping 54 (12) 8 53 (13) 36 52 (13) 59 –1.”
Responsiveness of four patient-reported outcome measures to assess physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Mahler, E. A. M., Cuperus, N., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., van den Hoogen, F., den Broeder, A. A., & van den Ende, C. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009742.2016.1140226 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Pain coping was assessed with the Pain Coping Inventory List (PCI) (33), which is a 33-item questionnaire that measures active and passive paincoping strategies on a four-point Likert scale ranging from ‘hardly ever’ to ‘very often’.”
Method
Psychological features and coping styles in patients with chronic pain
Cui, J., Matsushima, E., Aso, K., Masuda, A., & Makita, K. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01934.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
An Online Tailored Self-Management Program for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Developmental Study
Zuidema, R., van Gaal, B. G. I., van Dulmen, S., Repping‐Wuts, H., & Schoonhoven, L. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4571 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“To explore which outcome measures are most likely to capture patient potential benefits, we chose the following potential outcomes: (1) the Patient Activation Measurement (PAM-13), which assesses the knowledge, skills, and confidence for XSL • FO RenderX self-management [32]; (2) the health-related quality of life sur…”
Coping, Depression, Anxiety, Self-Efficacy and Social Support: Impact on Adjustment to Chronic Pain
Valente, M., Ribeiro, J., & Jensen, M. (2009) · Escritos de Psicología · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v2i3.13382 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…psychosocial adjustment and higher levels of anxiety and depression across numerous different chronic pain populations (e.g. Keefe et al., 2004; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Lethem et al., 1983; López-Martínez et al., 2008; Reuter et al., 2006; Tunks et al., 2008; Turner, Ersek & Kemp, 2005;…”
Interrelationships of Adult Attachment Orientations, Health Status and Worrying among Fibromyalgia Patients
Oliveira, P. J., & Costa, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309342471 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Kraaimaat and Evers (2003) have conceptualized worrying as the cognitive aspect of pain-related anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The longitudinal association of cognitive appraisals and coping strategies with physical functioning in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity: a cohort study
Hermsen, L. A. H., van der Wouden, J. C., Leone, S. S., Smalbrugge, M., van der Horst, H. E., & Dekker, J. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0204-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI).”
Method
Hand and wrist problems in general practice patient characteristics and factors related to symptom severity
Spies-Dorgelo, M. N., van der Windt, D., van der Horst, H. E., Prins, A. P. A., & Stalman, W. A. B. (2007) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem253 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Coping Inventory (PCI), consisting of 6 scales: pain transformation, distraction, reducing demands, retreating, worrying and resting [14, 15 ].”
Method
The course and prognosis of hip complaints in general practice
van der Waal, J. M., Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3103_12 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Pain coping strategies were measured using six subscales of the Pain Coping Inventory (22, 23 ), with higher scores indicating more use of the strategy concerned.”
BackgroundMethod
Clinical course and prognosis of hand and wrist problems in primary care
Spies-Dorgelo, M. N., van der Windt, D., Prins, A. P. A., Dziedzic, K., & van der Horst, H. E. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Coping was measured with the Pain Coping Inventory consisting of 6 scales, including pain transformation, distraction, reducing demands, retreating, worrying, and resting, with a higher score indicating more use of the strategy concerned (15,16).”
Method
Towards a new treatment for chronic low back pain patients
van Weering, M. G. H. (2011) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036531801 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chronic Pain Management Among Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Nawai, A. (2019) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/2377960819874259 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The CSQ are grouped into three scales including Cognitive Coping and Suppression, Praying, and Helplessness and Diverting Attention (Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003).”
Method
Analgesic use in patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis referred to an outpatient center: a cross-sectional study within the Amsterdam Osteoarthritis Cohort
Knoop, J., van Tunen, J. A. C., van der Esch, M., Roorda, L. D., Dekker, J., van der Leeden, M., & Lems, W. F. (2017) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-017-3785-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“(yes/ no)’Pain coping style (active vs. passive) was assessed by the Pain Coping Inventory [27].”
Method
Latent growth modeling of IRT versus CTT measured longitudinal latent variables
Gorter, R., Fox, J.-P., ter Riet, G., Heymans, M. W., & Twisk, J. W. R. (2019) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219856375 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Are changes in pain, cognitive appraisals and coping strategies associated with changes in physical functioning in older adults with joint pain and chronic diseases?
Ilves, O., Hermsen, L. A. H., van der Wouden, J. C., Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Smalbrugge, M., Leone, S. S., van der Horst, H. E., & Dekker, J. (2018) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-018-0978-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Functional outcome in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity: design of a prospective cohort study
Hermsen, L. A. H., Leone, S. S., van der Windt, D., Smalbrugge, M., Dekker, J., & van der Horst, H. E. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-241 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Pain Coping Inventory (PCI): subscale resting (5 items) [59] Q x x x x”
Method

The chronic pain coping inventory: development and preliminary validation
Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., Romano, J. M., & Strom, S. E. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00118-x · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Further validation of the chronic pain coping inventory
Tan, G., Nguyen, Q., Anderson, K. O., Jensen, M., & Thornby, J. (2005) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.09.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The chronic pain coping inventory-42: reliability and validity
Romano, J. M., Jensen, M. P., & Turner, J. A. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00466-9 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Study of Reliability and Validity of the Pain Coping Inventory
UZUNKAYA, A. H. (2018) · Ağrı - The Journal of The Turkish Society of Algology · doi:10.5505/agri.2018.46503 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Validation of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., MacLeod, F. K., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (1999) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00224-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Authors: Kraaimaat, F. W., & Evers, A. W. M.
Affiliations: Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Kraaimaat, Floris W.
ORCID: Evers, Andrea W. M.
Venue: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 343-363
ISSN: 1070-5503 (ISSN-L)
1532-7558
DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1004_5
OpenAlex: W1969226151
Cited by: 202
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: pain coping, chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic headache, fibromyalgia, psychometric validation, distraction, worry, rest, concurrent validity, predictive validity
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Chronic Disease, Fibromyalgia, Headache, Humans, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis

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Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI)

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