Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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Depression: Causes and treatment
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Research works printed but not linked: 7

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“The single-item, binary measure of loneliness used in this study may not be as robust of a measurement compared to a multi-item scale such as the 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russel et al., 1978).”
Method
Comparing associations between personality and loneliness at midlife across three cultural groups
Freilich, C. D., Mann, F. D., & Krueger, R. F. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12765 · Cited by 13
“Though not a formal loneliness scale, these items resemble those of the often- used UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1978) and the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (de Jong- Gierveld, 1987).”
BackgroundMethod
Can mediated communication moderate the relationship between being in isolation and quarantine for COVID-19 and loneliness?
Kashian, N. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-4-6 · Cited by 12
Growth mindset and well-being in social interactions: countering individual loneliness
Wang, C., Li, S., Wang, Y., Li, M., & Tao, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1368491 · Cited by 17
“Loneliness was assessed based on the third edition of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, developed by Russell et al. (40).”
Method
In Sickness and in Health: a Literature Review about Function of Social Support within Anxiety and Heart Disease Association
Zarbo, C., Compare, A., Baldassari, E., Bonardi, A., & Romagnoni, C. (2013) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901309010255 · Cited by 9
Loneliness and Social Media: A Qualitative Investigation of Young People’s Motivations for Use, and Perceptions of Social Networking Sites
Fox, B. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24882-6_16 · Cited by 11
Exploring the Association Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Thoughts Through Theoretical Frameworks of Suicide
Gunn, J. F., & Goldstein, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-020-00078-z · Cited by 10
A Pilot One Group Feasibility, Acceptability, and Initial Efficacy Trial of LISTEN for Loneliness in Lonely Stroke Survivors
Theeke, L. A., Mallow, J. A., & Theeke, E. (2021) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608211015154 · Cited by 10
“(Russell et al., 1978) Depression.”
Adult Mental Health and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Late 2020
Öksüz, E. E., Kalkan, B., Can, N., & Haktanır, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000001 · Cited by 12
La soledad en los adolescentes y sus correlaciones con las fortalezas psicológicas y el abuso de las redes sociales
Sanmartín, P. G. (2021) · Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia · doi:10.4995/reinad.2021.14447 · Cited by 9
Prevalence of Coronavirus Anxiety, Nomophobia, and Social Isolation Among National and Overseas Pakistani Students
Mushtaque, I., Khan, M. R., Zahra, R., Fatima, S. M., Ejaz, M., Lak, T. A., Rizwan, M. S., Awais‐E‐Yazdan, M., & Raza, M. (2022) · Journal of Population and Social Studies · doi:10.25133/jpssv302022.024 · Cited by 11
Grandchild care and loneliness among older Europeans: Longitudinal evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe
Hajek, A., & König, H. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5785 · Cited by 9
A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies in Gather.town
Lo, C. K., & Song, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1109/iciet56899.2023.10111430 · Cited by 10
“Several researchers [7,11] adopted some established survey instruments, such as UCLA Loneliness Scale [17] and User Engagement Scale [18], which may enable a better comparison and synthesis across studies.”
Method
The Social Network and Attachment Bases of Loneliness
Ouellette, D. M. (2004) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/p0t6-my10 · Cited by 9
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS, AND LONELINESS AMONG OLDER MEAL PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
Hall-Elston, C., & Mullins, L. C. (1999) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.5.503 · Cited by 9
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yalnızlık Duygularının Tükenmişlik Düzeylerine Etkisi
Eri̇ş, H., & BARUT, S. (2020) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.606671 · Cited by 9
The Relationship Between the Seniors’ Appraisal of Cognitive-Training Games and Game-Related Stress Is Complex: A Mixed-Methods Study
Khalili‐Mahani, N., Schutter, B. D., & Sawchuk, K. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60149-2_45 · Cited by 9
Is frequent sighing an indicator of dispositional negative emotionality? A multi-sample, multi-measure naturalistic-observation study
Danvers, A. F., Milek, A., Tackman, A. M., Kaplan, D. M., Robbins, M. L., Poslinelli, A., Moseley, S., Raison, C. L., Sbarra, D. A., & Mehl, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104046 · Cited by 9
UCLA Loneliness Scale and Effects of Stress
Schill, T. R., Toves, C., & Ramanaiah, N. V. (1981) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.49.1.257 · Cited by 9
On the Association between Loneliness and Physical Warmth-Seeking through Bathing: Reply to Donellan et al. (2014) and Three Further Replications of Bargh & Shalev (2012) Study 1.Preprint
Bargh, J. A., & Shalev, I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2435199 · Cited by 9
Polish adaptation of the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness scale and a significance of shyness in the context of personality traits and metatraitsPreprint
Kwiatkowska, M. M., Kwiatkowska, K., & Rogoza, R. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e8y76 · Cited by 9
Social Support, Loneliness, Depressive Symptoms, and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors of Middle-Aged Hispanic Men Who Have Sex With Men
Valdes, B., Gattamorta, K. A., Jones, S. G., Fenkl, E. A., & Santis, J. P. D. (2019) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000002 · Cited by 8

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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