Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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Depression: Causes and treatment
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Method
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Shannon, H., Bush, K., Shvetz, C., Paquin, V., Morency, J., Hellemans, K. G. C., & Guimond, S. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s450217 · Cited by 42
The Effect of a Multi-Strategy Program on Developing Social Behaviors Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model to Prevent Loneliness of Old Women Referred to Gonabad Urban Health Centers.
Alaviani, M., Khosravan, S., Alami, A., & Moshki, M. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 36
Novice head teachers’ isolation and loneliness experiences
Tahir, L. M., Thakib, M. T. M., Hamzah, M. H., Said, M. N. H. M., & Musah, M. B. (2015) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143215587302 · Cited by 36
Suicidal ideation in relation to depression, loneliness and hopelessness among university students
Pervin, M. M., & Ferdowshi, N. (2016) · Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3329/dujbs.v25i1.28495 · Cited by 36
Reductions in social anxiety during treatment predict lower levels of loneliness during follow-up among individuals with social anxiety disorder
O’Day, E. B., Butler, R. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102362 · Cited by 36
The Impact of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions on Satisfaction with Life and the Mediating Role of Loneliness
Şimşek, O. M., Koçak, O., & Younis, M. Z. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13169293 · Cited by 48
“[104] to measure the level of loneliness perceived by the individual and was first reviewed by Russell et al.”
Heterosocial anxiety and direction of attention in high school boys
Johnson, R. L., & Glass, C. R. (1989) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173909 · Cited by 36
Intervening on Social Comparisons on Social Media: Electronic Daily Diary Pilot Study
Andrade, F. C., Erwin, S., Burnell, K., Jackson, J. E., Storch, M., Nicholas, J. K., & Zucker, N. L. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/42024 · Cited by 45
“Trait loneliness was assessed using the 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale [51], which assesses the feelings of loneliness and social isolation (eg, “I am no longer close to anyone”; ω =0.95).”
MethodInfluential
Understanding the Role of Relational Factors in Christian Spirituality
Simpson, D. B., Newman, J. L., & Fuqua, D. R. (2008) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164710803600205 · Cited by 35
The validity of proxy-based data on loneliness in suicide research: a case-control psychological autopsy study in rural China
Niu, L., Jia, C.-X., Ma, Z., Wang, G., Yu, Z., & Zhou, L. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1687-x · Cited by 35
Examining the Effects of Passive WeChat Use in China
Chen, S., Shao, B., & Zhi, K. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1559535 · Cited by 35
Reflective and Reflexive Stress Responses of Older Adults to Three Gaming Experiences In Relation to Their Cognitive Abilities: Mixed Methods Crossover Study
Khalili‐Mahani, N., Assadi, A., Li, K., Mirgholami, M., Rivard, M.-E., Benali, H., Sawchuk, K., & Schutter, B. D. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12388 · Cited by 36
“The survey also included the General Self-Efficacy Scale (a 10-item scale) [68]; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale [69]; and Perceived Stress Scale (9-item scale [70]) to control for confounding chronic stress or tendency to become more easily stressed.”
Method
The Relationship Between Psychological Symptoms, Creativity, and Loneliness in Gifted Children
Oğurlu, Ü., Yalın, H. S., & Birben, F. Y. (2018) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/0162353218763968 · Cited by 35
Loneliness in Late Adolescence: A Social Skills Training Study
Adams, G. R., Openshaw, D. K., Bennion, L. D., Mills, T., & Noble, S. (1988) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355488831007 · Cited by 35
Alzheimer's and Related Disorders: LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT OF SPOUSAL CAREGIVERS
Bergman-Evans, B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-19940301-04 · Cited by 35
Psychometric Analysis of the Short-Form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) Among Palestinian University Students
Nazzal, F. I., Cruz, O., & Neto, F. F. M. (2018) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v11i2.269 · Cited by 41
Transdiagnostic Processes in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Metacognitive Beliefs
Beshārat, M. A., Atari, M., & Mirjalili, R. S. (2019) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.7.4.281 · Cited by 37
Living arrangements and loneliness of South Asian immigrant seniors in Edmonton, Canada
Ng, C. F., & Northcott, H. C. (2013) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x13000913 · Cited by 40
Loneliness in Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Antecedents and Correlates
Balto, J. M., Pilutti, L. A., & Motl, R. W. (2018) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1097/rnj.0000000000000128 · Cited by 34
LET's CONNECT community mentorship program for youths with peer social problems: Preliminary findings from a randomized effectiveness trial
King, C. A., Gipson, P. Y., Arango, A., Foster, C. E., Clark, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Stone, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21979 · Cited by 40

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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