Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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“, “I lack companionship” and “I feel isolated from others”) derived and adapted from the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1978).”
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Levinger, P., Panisset, M. G., Dunn, J., Haines, T. P., Dow, B., Batchelor, F., Biddle, S., Duque, G., & Hill, K. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01824-0 · Cited by 67
Adolescent loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness: A longitudinal investigation.
Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.3.595 · Cited by 65
Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Association between Loneliness and Psychological and Subjective Well-Being in University Students
ÇİÇEK, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.817660 · Cited by 65
The Loneliness–Life Satisfaction Relationship: The Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Hopelessness, Depression and Ego-Resilience among Young Adults in South Africa during COVID-19
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073613 · Cited by 69
“(a) University of California Loneliness Scale [22], which is a 20-item measure of an individual’s general loneliness and degree of satisfaction with their social network.”
Background
Can Communication Technologies Reduce Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older People? A Scoping Review of Reviews
Döring, N. M., Conde, M., Brandenburg, K., Broll, W., Groß, H., Werner, S., & Raake, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811310 · Cited by 72
“The most used psychometric scales for loneliness were the UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA) Loneliness Scale [7] and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale [59].”
Method
Assessing Chinese older adults’ suicidal ideation: Chinese version of the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale
Chou, K., Jun, L. W., & Chi, I. (2005) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860412331336805 · Cited by 64
Childhood Stress Leads to Later Suicidality via Its Effect on Cognitive Functioning
Yang, B., & Clum, G. A. (2000) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2000.tb00985.x · Cited by 63
Confidence in facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder.
Thome, J., Liebke, L., Bungert, M., Schmahl, C., Domes, G., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000142 · Cited by 64
Excessive use of Twitter among college students in the UK: Validation of the Microblog Excessive Use Scale and relationship to social interaction and loneliness
Ndasauka, Y., Hou, J., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Yang, Z., Ye, Z., Hao, Y., Fallgatter, A. J., Kong, Y., & Zhang, X. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.020 · Cited by 69
Loneliness among the Oldest Old, a Comparison between Residents Living in Nursing Homes and Residents Living in the Community
Bondevik, M., & Skogstad, A. (1996) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/9c14-nhux-xqpl-ga5j · Cited by 64

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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