Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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Depression: Causes and treatment
Beck, A. T. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80054-1 · Cited by 3,163
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Research works printed but not linked: 7

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Seo, Y. S., An, S. J., Kim, H. J., & Ko, S. (2020) · 한국심리학회지: 일반 · doi:10.22257/kjp.2020.6.39.2.205 · Cited by 22
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“The same questionnaires were employed as were described in Experiment 1: Internet Addiction Test (IAT; Young, 2009); and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA; Russell et al., 1978).”
Method
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“…Form (CDI-S2), a measure of feelings of depression with strong psychometric properties among adolescents with and without disabilities [27,28] and (2) version 3 of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale 20 items (UCLA-20) [29-31], a measure of social isolation and loneliness.”
Background
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“Participants reported how often they felt lonely and isolated by responding to the same items as in Preliminary Study A, but on a scale from 1 (never), 2 (rarely), 3 (some of the time), to 4 (often) (three items, α = .89; Russell et al., 1978).”
Background
Assessment of the effects of loneliness, perceived social support, and depression on medication adherence in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
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“Russel, Peplau, and Ferguson first developed the UCLA loneliness scale in 1978 (Russell et al., 1978).”
Background
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“Loneliness was assessed using a questionnaire developed by Russell et al([30]) in 1978.”
Method
Altered activation in the action observation system during synchronization in high loneliness individuals
Saporta, N., Scheele, D., Lieberz, J., Nevat, M., Kanterman, A., Hurlemann, R., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac073 · Cited by 22
“The UCLA loneliness scale was initially developed in 1978 (Russell et al. 1978) and has since been revised twice to improve its validity and reliability.”
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“The UCLA Loneliness Scale was used to measure subjective feelings of loneliness and feelings of social isolation (Russell et al., 1978).”

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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