Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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Research works printed but not linked: 7

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Li, W., Zhang, L., Liu, B., & Cao, H. (2013) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.5.705 · Cited by 13
Effects of Team Identification on Social and Emotional Adjustment in Higher Education
Koo, G.-Y., Sung, J., & Martinez, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Intercollegiate Sport · doi:10.1123/jis.2014-0081 · Cited by 13
Positive Health and Health Assets: Re-analysis of Longitudinal Datasets
Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., BARSKY, A. J., Boehm, J. K., Kubzansky, L. D., Park, N., & Labarthe, D. R. (2013) · Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) · Cited by 13
A comparative analysis of the relationship between communication apprehension and loneliness for elderly nursing home and non‐nursing home residents
Downs, V. C., Javidi, M., & Nussbaum, J. F. (1988) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318809389644 · Cited by 13
A Review of Treatment Initiatives for Female Sexual Offenders
Blanchette, K., & Taylor, K. N. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470666715.ch8 · Cited by 13
Understanding Loneliness in Brain Injury: Linking the Reaffiliation Motive Model of Loneliness With a Model of Executive Impairment
Byrne, C., Salas, C. E., Coetzer, R., & Ramsey, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.883746 · Cited by 13
“, 2016), such as the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (De Jong Gierveld and Van Tilburg, 1999) or the UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell et al., 1978).”
Method
The 100 Top-Cited Studies on Loneliness: A Bibliometric Analysis
Banerjee, A., Chawla, S. K., & Kohli, N. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37246 · Cited by 21
“DOI 10.7759/cureus.37246 2 of 20 1 UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure [31] Russell Journal of Personality Assessment 1996 2201 Article 2 Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review [3] Holt-Lunstad et al. Perspectives on Psychologica…”
MethodInfluential
Technology Acceptance of a Social Robot (LOVOT) Among Single Older Adults in Hong Kong and Singapore: Protocol for a Multimethod Study
Tan, C. K., LOU, V. W. Q., Cheng, C. Y. M., He, P. C., & Mor, Y. Y. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/48618 · Cited by 12
“This scale was proven to have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability as well [12,21].”
Sex-related differences in the associations between diurnal cortisol pattern and social and emotional loneliness in older adults
Mardomingo, C. D., Utrera, L., Baliyan, S., García‐Herranz, S., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Rodríguez‐Fernández, R., Sampedro‐Piquero, P., Valencia, A., & Venero, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1199405 · Cited by 14
“Thus, using the University of California, Los Angeles’ Loneliness Scale (UCLA), a unidimensional loneliness instrument (Russell et al., 1978), some studies found no relationship between loneliness scores and total cortisol output (AUCG) in older adults (Rueggeberg et al.”
Multidomain interventions based on a life-course model to prevent dementia in at-risk Chinese older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Meng, X., Su, J.-P., Gao, T., Ma, D., Zhao, Y., Fang, S., Zhi, S., Li, H., & Sun, J. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104701 · Cited by 12
Cross-sectional association of food insecurity with loneliness in older adults: The role of sex, age, and psychosomatic factors
Gyasi, R. M., Aikins, E., Hajek, A., Opoku-Ware, J., Osei, B. A., Kwabena-Adade, J., Jacob, L., Rahmati, M., Dakurah, G., & Peltzer, K. (2024) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100328 · Cited by 12
Psychometric Properties of the Mindfulness in Teaching Scale in a Sample of Iranian Teachers: Insight from a Network Analysis Approach
Azadi, F., Dayri, S., Kordbagheri, A., & Kordbagheri, M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02428-0 · Cited by 14
“UCLA Loneliness Scale This scale was developed by Russell et al. (1978) and updated in 1980 by Russell et al. (1980).”
Loneliness and cardiovascular disease incidence: two cohorts of older adults in the USA and South Korea
Lee, H., Chen, R., Okuzono, S. S., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf050 · Cited by 13
“The single-item measure of loneliness from the CES-D correlates highly with other validated loneliness scales (e.g. the 20-item UCLA loneliness scale) [26] and has been shown to be valid [27, 28].”
“We Would Still Find Things to Talk About”: Assessment of Mentor Perspectives in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Intervention to Improve Disease Self-Management, Empowering SLE Patients
Flournoy, M. W., Ortiz, K. S., Egede, L. E., Oates, J. C., Faith, T. D., & Williams, E. M. (2017) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2017.05.003 · Cited by 12
Huzurevindeki Yaşlı Bireylere Oynatılan Zekâ Oyununun Yaşlıların Bilişsel Becerilerine, Yalnızlık ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Düzeylerine Etkisi
Yavuz, O., & Yavuz, Y. (2018) · Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31461/ybpd.427039 · Cited by 12
Human Flourishing and Integrated Care Models: The Development of the Flourish Index
Faul, A. C., D’Ambrosio, J. G., Yankeelov, P. A., Cotton, S. G., Furman, C. D., Hall-Faul, M., Gordon, B., & Wright, R. B. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny114 · Cited by 14
Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlarının Sosyotelist Davranışlarının, Sosyotelizme Maruz Kalma ve Yalnızlık Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi
AYDOĞDU, F., & ÇEVİK, Ö. (2020) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.810850 · Cited by 12
The mediating role of binge-watching in the relationship between type D personality and loneliness
Batık, M. V., & Demir, M. (2021) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2021.109550 · Cited by 12
“The validity and reliability study of the scale, which was developed by Russell et al. (1978), in Turkish population was performed by Demir (1989).”
Method
Loneliness, Implicit-Self and Digital Literacy
Ko, D. W., Lee, J., & Kim, H.-S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.701856 · Cited by 13
“To measure loneliness, the UCLA scale reﬁned by Russell et al. (1978) was used.”
Method
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and functional outcomes in Veterans with psychosis or recent homelessness: A 15-month longitudinal study
Wynn, J. K., McCleery, A., Novacek, D. M., Reavis, E. A., Şentürk, D., Sugar, C. A., Tsai, J., & Green, M. F. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273579 · Cited by 13
“For clinical factors, we assessed depression (PHQ-9, range 0–27; [22]), anxiety (GAD-7, range 0–21; [23]), obsessive-compulsive thoughts related to germs and contamination (DOCS Category 1: Concerns about Germs and Contamination, range 0–20; [24]), and loneliness (ULS, range 0–60; [25]).”
Method
Loneliness in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Neglected Factor in Accelerated Aging?
Palmer, B. W., Hussain, M., & Lohr, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal2040027 · Cited by 13
“Some of the most common measures in the broader literature, and similar to that on loneliness in PTSD, include the 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (in its original 1978 form [83], the 1980 revised version [84], or the 1996 third edition [85]), the 11- or 6-item versions of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale [86,87],…”
Method
Are we measuring loneliness in the same way in men and women in the general population and in the older population? Two studies of measurement equivalence
Pollet, T. V., Thompson, A., Malcolm, C., McCarty, K., Saxton, T. K., & Roberts, S. G. B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266167 · Cited by 14
“One of the most commonly used measures is the UCLA Loneliness Scale, which has appeared in first [20], second [21] and third [22] versions, and its short form adaptations (e.”
Method
A Study on Factors Affecting Suicide Risk among Seniors Who Live Alone: The Effect of Loneliness and the Mediating Effect of Hopelessness
권중돈, 김유진, & 엄태영 (2012) · Health and Social Welfare Review · doi:10.15709/hswr.2012.32.1.89 · Cited by 12
Gene–culture interaction: influence of culture and oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism on loneliness
LeClair, J., Sasaki, J. Y., Ishii, K., Shinada, M., & Kim, H. S. (2016) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-016-0034-7 · Cited by 15
Pair Bonding and Testosterone in Men: Longitudinal Evidence for Trait and Dynamic Associations
Dibble, E. R., Goldey, K. L., & van Anders, S. M. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-016-0054-8 · Cited by 12
The Virtual Care Farm: A Preliminary Evaluation of an Innovative Approach to Addressing Loneliness and Building Community through Nature and Technology
Anderson, K. A. (2019) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2019.1581024 · Cited by 13
Empathy in the Structure of Personality of Special Educators.
Kliś, M., & Kossewska, J. (1996) · Cited by 12
An evaluation of de Jong-Giervald's loneliness model with Australian adolescents
Boldero, J., & Moore, S. M. (1990) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01538717 · Cited by 12
Evaluation of a short form of the Multiscore Depression Inventory.
Berndt, D. J., Petzel, T. P., & Kaiser, C. F. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.51.5.790 · Cited by 12
Brand addiction and compulsive buying in female consumers' relationships with food brands
Hegner, S. M., Schaumann, J. M., Francioni, B., & Curina, I. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-05-2023-0355 · Cited by 14
The short-term longitudinal associations between loneliness and smartphone addiction: the mediating role of depression
Wang, K., Ma, Z., & Meng, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05836-6 · Cited by 12
“This study used the UCLA Loneliness Scale, developed by Russell et al. ( 1978 ) and adapted by Russell et al. (1980).”
Prevalence and Correlates of Frailty Among Older Adults Living With HIV in the CHANGE HIV Cohort
Zhabokritsky, A., Klein, M. B., Harris, M., Loutfy, M. R., Guillemi, S. A., Tan, D. H. S., Falutz, J., Andany, N., Guaraldi, G., Lovblom, L. E., et al. (2024) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003485 · Cited by 11
“20 In addition, the primary outcome of frailty was assessed using the original Fried Frailty Phenotype criteria, comprising unintentional weight loss ( $ 10 lb in previous year), self-reported exhaustion, weakness (evaluated by grip strength using a dynamometer), slow walking speed (evaluated using…”
Method
From childhood emotional abuse to adolescent loneliness: The roles of self-compassion and rejection sensitivity
Qu, Y. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107020 · Cited by 12

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

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