Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Developing a Measure of Loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

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Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

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Depression: Causes and treatment
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“Other assessments included the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ)(28) to screen for psychosis, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)(29) to measure students’ stress levels, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)(30) to measure the sleep behavior of students, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale to test students’ feelings of loneline…”
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MethodInfluential
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“The total score thus ranges from 20 to 80, with a higher score reflecting higher lone-liness (de Grâce, Joshi, & Pelletier, 1993; Russell, Peplau, & Ferguson, 1978).”
MindScape Study: Integrating LLM and Behavioral Sensing for Personalized AI-Driven Journaling Experiences
Nepal, S. K., Pillai, A., Campbell, W., Massachi, T., Heinz, M. V., Kunwar, A., Choi, E. S., Xu, X., Kuc, J., Huckins, J. F., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3699761 · Cited by 76
Sad and Alone
Bastian, B. B., Koval, P., Erbaş, Y., Houben, M., Pe, M. L., & Kuppens, P. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614568682 · Cited by 58
Technology Addictions and Technostress
Brooks, S. L., Wang, X., & Schneider, C. (2019) · Journal of Organizational and End User Computing · doi:10.4018/joeuc.2020040101 · Cited by 47
Validation of the revised UCLA loneliness scale for adolescents
Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, T. J., & Yarcheski, A. (1995) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770180309 · Cited by 48
Comparative Outcome in Time-Limited Individual and Group Psychotherapy
Budman, S. H., Demby, A., Redondo, J. P., Hannan, M. T., Feldstein, M., Ring, J. M., & Springer, T. (1988) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1988.11491085 · Cited by 47
The enhancement of intimacy and the reduction of loneliness among child molesters
Marshall, W. L., Bryce, P., Hudson, S. M., Ward, T. J., & Moth, B. (1996) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf02336942 · Cited by 47
The Magnitude of Loneliness and Associated Risk Factors Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zahedi, H., Sahebihagh, M. H., & Sarbakhsh, P. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10690 · Cited by 46
“The first section collected demographic characteristics, while the second section was the revised version of the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness scale (UCLA-R) that was utilized to gather data regarding the subjective feelings of loneliness (20).”
Method
Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis
Wang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18366-4 · Cited by 58
“Consequently, he developed the first edition (1978) of the UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, which comprised 20 items and had a reliability coefficient of 0.96 [53].”
MethodInfluential
Identification of a Suitable Short‐form of the UCLA‐Loneliness Scale
Elphinstone, B. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12285 · Cited by 46
DETERMINANTS, AND CONSEQUENCES
Sanad, J. A., & Tessler, M. (1988) · Cited by 46
Social Networking Site Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Associations With Social and Emotional Well-being in College Students: Survey Study
Tuck, A. B., & Thompson, R. J. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/26513 · Cited by 45
“This scale was validated with a college student sample [35], and the internal consistency for items in the scale was excellent in this study’s sample (α=.”
Method
Tell Me about Loneliness: Interviews with Young People about What Loneliness Is and How to Cope with It
Verity, L., Schellekens, T., Adam, T., Sillis, F., Majorano, M., Wigelsworth, M., Qualter, P., Peters, B., Stajniak, S., & Maes, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211904 · Cited by 52

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

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