The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unregulated Internet Usage: Addiction, Habit, or Deficient Self-Regulation?
Abstract
Recent reports of problematic forms of Internet usage bring new currency to the problem of "media addictions" that have long been the subject of both popular and scholarly writings. The research in this article reconsidered such behavior as deficient self-regulation within the framework of A. Bandura's (1991) theory of self-regulation. In this framework, behavior patterns that have been called media addictions lie at one extreme of a continuum of unregulated media behavior that extends from normally impulsive media consumption patterns to extremely problematic behavior that might properly be termed pathological. These unregulated media behaviors are the product of deficient self-regulatory processes through which media consumers monitor, judge, and adjust their own behavior, processes that may be found in all media consumers. The impact of deficient self-regulation on media behavior was examined in a sample of 465 college students. A measure of deficient self-regulation drawn from the diagnostic criteria used in past studies of pathological Internet usage was significantly and positively correlated to Internet use across the entire range of consumption, including among normal users who showed relatively few of the "symptoms." A path analysis demonstrated that depression and media habits formed to alleviate depressed moods undermined self-regulation and led to increased Internet usage.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This model has been widely used in addiction research related to pathological Internet overuse (Larose, Lin, & Eastin, 2003; Liu & Peng, 2009; Turel, Serenko, & Giles, 2011).”
From Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention (2019) · cites this paper as Larose, Lin, & Eastin, 2003
In the citing paper
“The sociocognitive model of internet addiction (24) similarly proposes that because online and social media stimuli can be psychologically rewarding, people are incentivized to stay engaged, but those with poorer self-regulation (e.g., individuals with psychological disorders) are especially susceptible to developing harmful social media habits.”
From Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“However, users who are adept at navigating SNSs may tend to spend more time on it as they discover new functions and keep themselves updated on new extensions to SNSs past research has shown that efficacy in navigating the Internet is associated with higher time spent on it (LaRose et al., 2003).”
From Till logout do us part? Comparison of factors predicting excessive social network sites use and addiction between Singaporean adolescents and adults (2017) · cites this paper as LaRose et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“The third theoretical paradigm is known as the social cognitive model, which postulates that addiction is a function of deficiency in one's self-regulatory functions and the degree of automaticity in individuals' media use (LaRose, Lin, & Eastin, 2003;Lee, Ho, & Lwin, 2017b).”
From Till logout do us part? Comparison of factors predicting excessive social network sites use and addiction between Singaporean adolescents and adults (2017) · cites this paper as LaRose et al., 2003
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Human agency in social cognitive theory.
Bandura, A. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175 · Cited by 8,263
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Social cognitive theory of self-regulation
Bandura, A. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-l · Cited by 6,875
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793
Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading
LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. J. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90015-2 · Cited by 3,841
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use
Davis, R. A. (2001) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00041-8 · Cited by 3,010
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826
Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior.
Triandis, H. C. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 1,414
Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students
Morahan-Martin, J. M., & Schumacher, P. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(99)00049-7 · Cited by 1,358
The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction
YOUNG, K. S., & ROGERS, R. C. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25 · Cited by 1,233
Internet Self-Efficacy and the Psychology of the Digital Divide
Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00110.x · Cited by 1,168
Psychology of Computer Use: XL. Addictive Use of the Internet: A Case That Breaks the Stereotype
Young, K. S. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899 · Cited by 1,108
Predicting Behavior From Actions in the Past: Repeated Decision Making or a Matter of Habit?
Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01681.x · Cited by 926
Does Internet and computer ‘addiction’ exist? Some case study evidence
Griffiths, M. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493100316067 · Cited by 906
Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00107-x · Cited by 898
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1992) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137349 · Cited by 856
Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case
Chou, C., & Hsiao, M.-C. (2000) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(00)00019-1 · Cited by 700
Ritualized and Instrumental Television Viewing
Rubin, A. M. (1984) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02174.x · Cited by 679
Brenner, V. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.879 · Cited by 559
LaRose, R., Mastro, D. E., & Eastin, M. S. (2001) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/089443930101900401 · Cited by 527
Addictive Behaviors: Etiology And Treatment
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., Donovan, D. M., & Kivlahan, D. R. (1988) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001255 · Cited by 504
Behavioural (non‐chemical) addictions
Marks, I. M. (1990) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01618.x · Cited by 447
Griffiths, M., & University of Plymouth (1995) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.1995.1.76.14 · Cited by 443
Sexuality on the Internet: From sexual exploration to pathological expression.
Cooper, A., Scherer, C. R., Boies, S. C., & Gordon, B. L. (1999) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.30.2.154 · Cited by 433
Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 413
Dependence on Computer Games by Adolescents
Griffiths, M. D., & Hunt, N. C. (1998) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1998.82.2.475 · Cited by 378
The relationship of Internet use to depression and social isolation among adolescents.
Sanders, C., Field, T. M., Diego, M., & Kaplan, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 354
Addictive Behaviors: Etiology And Treatment
Marlatt, G. A. (1988) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.39.1.223 · Cited by 325
College Life On-Line: Healthy and Unhealthy Internet Use.
Scherer, K. (1997) · Journal of college student development · Cited by 307
A Sociocognitive Analysis of Substance Abuse: An Agentic Perspective
Bandura, A. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00138 · Cited by 282
"Computer addiction": A critical consideration.
Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Bilt, J. V. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087741 · Cited by 279
Television Addiction is no mere metaphor
Kubey, R. W., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2002) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0202-74 · Cited by 242
Reformulating the Internet paradox: Social cognitive explanations of Internet use and depression.
LaRose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Gregg, J. (2001) · Cited by 229
Online Service Adoption Likelihood
Lin, C. A. (1999) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.1999.12466603 · Cited by 226
Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?
Griffiths, M. D. (1999) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 225
Internet Addiction: College Student Case Study Using Best Practices in Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Hall, A., & Parsons, J. (2001) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · Cited by 218
Griffiths, M. D. (1991) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/0140-1971(91)90045-s · Cited by 217
Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women
Greenberg, J. L., Lewis, S. E., & Dodd, D. K. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00080-x · Cited by 193
Excessive Internet Use: Implications for Sexual Behavior
Griffiths, M. D. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493100420151 · Cited by 182
Bryant, J., & Miron, D. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602428-25 · Cited by 181
Davis, C. H., & Winn, M. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584524 · Cited by 175
Audience Attributes, Media Supplementation, and Likely Online Service Adoption
Lin, C. A. (2001) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0401_03 · Cited by 173
Habit and Behavioral Intentions as Predictors of Social Behavior
Landis, D., Triandis, H. C., & Adamopoulos, J. (1978) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924174 · Cited by 172
Stressful life events and television viewing
ANDERSON, D. R., COLLINS, P. A., SCHMITT, K. L., & JACOBVITZ, R. S. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023003001 · Cited by 152
The bits and bytes of computer/internet addiction: A factor analytic approach
Pratarelli, M. E., Browne, B. L., & Johnson, K. (1999) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03207725 · Cited by 133
Reconceptualizing the role of habit: A new model of television audience activity
Rosenstein, A. W., & Grant, A. E. (1997) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159709364411 · Cited by 118
The addictive personality is the behavior of the addict.
Nathan, P. E. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.2.183 · Cited by 113
Is there a general tendency to become addicted?
Rozin, P. N., & Stoess, C. (1993) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(93)90011-w · Cited by 103
McIlwraith, R. D. (1998) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159809364456 · Cited by 103
Initiation and Maintenance of Online Sexual Compulsivity: Implications for Assessment and Treatment
Putnam, D. E. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493100420160 · Cited by 83
McIlwraith, R. D., Jacobvitz, R. S., Kubey, R. W., & Alexander, A. (1991) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764291035002003 · Cited by 79
Loneliness and Media Gratifications
Canary, D. J., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1993) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365093020006003 · Cited by 74
Causes of Depression in College Students: A Cross-Lagged Panel Correlational Analysis
Rich, A. R., & Scovel, M. (1987) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1987.60.1.27 · Cited by 70
Internet Search Behaviors and Mood Alterations: A Selective Exposure Approach
Mastro, D. E., Eastin, M. S., & Tamborini, R. (2002) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0402_03 · Cited by 63
Mood‐management during pregnancy through selective exposure to television
Helregel, B. K., & Weaver, J. B. (1989) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838158909364059 · Cited by 45
Television “Addiction?” An Evaluation of Four Competing Media-Use Models
Finn, S. (1992) · Journalism Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769909206900216 · Cited by 44
Kubey, R. W. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483345468.n7 · Cited by 41
Excessive Internet use: Implications for sexual behaviour
Griffiths (2001) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 13
Glued to the Tube: The Threat of Television Addiction to Today's Family
Pawlowski, C. (2000) · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- 10.1037//0735-7028.30.2.154 · DOI
- Gaziano C., 1990, Mass Communication Review, 17, 2
- Griffiths M., 1999, Psychologist, 12, 246
- 10.1089/109493100316067 · DOI · Paper page
- Hall A. S., 2001, Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23, 312
- 10.1037//0003-066X.53.9.1017 · DOI · Paper page
- Lin C. A., 1993, Mass Communication Review, 20, 39
- Lin C. A., 1999, Journal of Advertising Research, 39, 79
- 10.1037//0033-295X.106.1.3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0033-2909.124.1.54 · DOI · Paper page
- Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. & Rosengren, K. (1985). Uses and gratifications research: The past ten years. In K. Rosengren, L. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research (pp. 11-37). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Sanders C. E., 2000, Adolescence, 35, 237
- Scherer K., 1997, Journal of College Student Development, 38, 655
- 10.1037//0033-295X.84.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
- Smith, R. (1986). Television addiction. In J. Bryant & D. Anderson (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 109-128). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Stone G., 1990, Mass Communication Review, 17, 25
- Wise, M. G. & Tierney, J. G. (1994). Impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified. In R. E. Hales, S. C. Yudofsky, & J. A. Talbott (Eds.), Textbook of psychiatry (2nd Ed., pp. 681-699). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net. New York: Wiley.
- Young, K. S. (1999). Evaluation and treatment of Internet addiction. In L. VandeCreek & T. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A sourcebook (Vol. 17, pp. 19-31). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
- Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood and emotion as determinants of selective media exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J. (1994). Entertainment as media effects. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects (pp. 157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development and validation of a Game Addiction Scale for adolescents
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260802669458 · Cited by 1,428
Habits make smartphone use more pervasive.
Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2 · Cited by 1,190
Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use : A two-step approach
Caplan, S. E. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012 · Cited by 1,061
Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior
van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039 · Cited by 1,031
Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use
Caplan, S. E. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9963 · Cited by 948
Metadata
- Authors
- LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Cleveland State University (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Media Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 225-253
- ISSN
- 1521-3269 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-785X
- OpenAlex
- W1988710891
- Cited by
- 868
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 27.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Media Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- problematic internet use, media addiction, self-regulation theory, Bandura, internet addiction, media habits, depression, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review