Cited by 1,588Social and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionSocial Power and Status Dynamics

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Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review

Riek, Blake M., Mania, Eric W., Gaertner, Samuel L.·2006·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4

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Abstract

This article examines the relationship between intergroup threat and negative outgroup attitudes. We first qualitatively review the intergroup threat literature, describing the shift from competing theories toward more integrated approaches, such as the integrated threat theory (ITT; W. G. Stephan and Stephan, 2000). The types of threats discussed include: realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, group esteem threat, and distinctiveness threat. We then conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the relationships between various intergroup threats and outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis, involving 95 samples, revealed that 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes. Additionally, outgroup status moderated some of these relationships. Implications and future directions are considered.

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Authors: Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 336-353
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
OpenAlex: W2066677051
Semantic Scholar: 0f180ef37cb79fc8d064b61f4c8517971a736df8
Cited by: 1,588
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 95 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 7.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: intergroup threat, outgroup attitudes, integrated threat theory, realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, prejudice
MeSH terms: Aggression, Anxiety, Attitude, Group Processes, Humans, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception

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Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review

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