The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys: Relations Among Biopsychosocial Variables and Clinical Outcomes
Abstract
Adolescent boys (n = 269) were assessed for levels of several risky behaviors related to the pursuit of muscularity, including substance use (anabolic steroids, prohormones, and ephedrine) dieting to gain weight, and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD). The association between these behaviors and a variety of putative biological, psychological, and social risk factors were also evaluated. Concerning rates for lifetime use of steroids (2.6%), prohormones (4.5%), and ephedrine (6%) were found. Multiple regression analyses indicated that MD and sports participation significantly predicted substance use. Body dissatisfaction and body mass index were significant predictors of dieting to gain weight. Additionally, negative affect, media influence, and sports participation predicted symptoms of MD.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“After viewing such content, men are more likely to engage in excessive exercise and to take anabolic steroids with potential negative health outcomes (Cafri et al., 2006; Horwitz et al., 2019; Mossman and Pacey, 2019; Tiggemann and Anderberg, 2020).”
From The degree to which the cultural ideal is internalized predicts judgments of male and female physical attractiveness (2022) · cites this paper as Cafri et al., 2006
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10005 · Cited by 1,772
Muscle Dysmorphia: An Underrecognized Form of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P. Y. L., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71400-2 · Cited by 890
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001 · Cited by 815
Self-citationAn Item Response Theory Analysis of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Gray-Little, B., Williams, V. S. L., & Hancock, T. D. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297235001 · Cited by 801
Mood and the mundane: Relations between daily life events and self-reported mood.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.296 · Cited by 784
Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession
Olivardia, R. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e490672008-001 · Cited by 739
Accuracy of Teen and Parental Reports of Obesity and Body Mass Index
Goodman, E., Hinden, B. R., & Khandelwal, S. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.106.1.52 · Cited by 724
Body Image among Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study
Carlson Jones, D. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.823 · Cited by 537 · cited 1×
“Jones (2004) and Smolak, Murnen, and Thompson (2005) also found that self-reports of media influence and internalization are associated with levels of body dissatisfaction and use of strategies to enhance muscularity.”
BackgroundEstimated Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Use Among Male High School Seniors
Buckley, W. E. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410230059028 · Cited by 530
Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Mojica, W. A., Suttorp, M. J., Rhodes, S. L., Jungvig, L., & Gagné, J. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.12.1537 · Cited by 511
Pursuit of the muscular ideal: physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors
Cafri, G., Thompson, J. K., Ricciardelli, L., McCabe, M., Smolak, L., & Yesalis, C. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003 · Cited by 504
Self-citationMuscle Dysmorphia in Male Weightlifters: A Case-Control Study
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., & Hudson, J. I. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1291 · Cited by 465
The Impact of Media Exposure on Males' Body Image
Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.7.26988 · Cited by 458
Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures
Hildebrandt, T., Langenbucher, J., & Schlundt, D. G. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001 · Cited by 447
The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis.
Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M. Τ., & Thompson, J. K. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi053 · Cited by 438
Self-citationSociocultural Influences on Body Image and Body Changes Among Adolescent Boys and Girls
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540309598428 · Cited by 425
Idealized media images and adolescent body image: “comparing” boys and girls
Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002 · Cited by 424
The media's representation of the ideal male body: a cause for muscle dysmorphia?
Leit, R. A., Gray, J. J., & Pope, H. G. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10019 · Cited by 409
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 406
Strauss, R. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800971 · Cited by 385
McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D. M., & Dorsch, K. D. (2004) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.49 · Cited by 369
Vincent, M. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2000) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1005156616173 · Cited by 294
Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders
Blouin, A. G., & Goldfield, G. S. (1995) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199509)18:2 · Cited by 262
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Story, M., Falkner, N. H., Beuhring, T., & Resnick, M. D. (1999) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0373 · Cited by 247
Sociocultural Influences and Muscle Building in Adolescent Boys.
Smolak, L., Murnen, S. K., & Thompson, J. K. (2005) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.227 · Cited by 236
Self-citationSteroid use among adolescents: findings from Project EAT
Irving, L. M., WALL, M., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2002) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00414-1 · Cited by 223
Psychometric evaluation of the Body Change Inventory
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2002) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(01)00044-7 · Cited by 165
Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale
Mayville, S. B., Williamson, D. A., White, M. A., Netemeyer, R. G., & Drab, D. L. (2002) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191102238156 · Cited by 162
O’Dea, J., & Abraham, S. F. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 153
The Prevention of Eating Problems and Eating Disorders
Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613189 · Cited by 143
Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters
Choi, P. Y. L., Pope, H. G., & Olivardia, R. (2002) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.5.375 · Cited by 137
The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Body Image: A Meta-Analysis
Cafri, G. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpi053 · Cited by 126
Self-citationOver-the-Counter Drug Use in Gymnasiums: An Underrecognized Substance Abuse Problem?
Kanayama, G., Gruber, A. J., Pope, H. G., Borowiecki, J. J., & Hudson, J. I. (2001) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000056238 · Cited by 120
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2003) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1022942614727 · Cited by 108
Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in adolescence: winning, looking good or being bad?
Wichstrøm, L., & Pedersen, W. (2001) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.5 · Cited by 106
Body image, strategies to change muscles and weight, and puberty
McCabe, M. P., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Banfield, S. (2001) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(01)00025-3 · Cited by 104
Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors
Buckley, W. E. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.260.23.3441 · Cited by 100
Kindlundh, A. M. S. (2001) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/11.3.322 · Cited by 97
A look at nutritional supplement use in adolescents
Bell, A., Dorsch, K. D., McCreary, D. R., & Hovey, R. B. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.07.024 · Cited by 94
A look at nutritional supplement use in adolescents
BELL, A., DORSCH, K., MCCREARY, D., & HOVEY, R. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(03)00348-3 · Cited by 94
Wertheim, E. H. (2006) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200600690446 · Cited by 83
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use among High School Football Players
Stilger, V. G., & Yesalis, C. E. (1999) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1023/a:1018706424556 · Cited by 80
Evaluating the Convergence of Muscle Appearance Attitude Measures
Cafri, G., & Thompson, J. K. (2004) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191104267652 · Cited by 78
Self-citationImpact of exposure to idealised male images on adolescent boys’ body image
Humphreys, P., & Paxton, S. J. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.05.001 · Cited by 77
Weight and Shape Concerns of Boys and Men.
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2004) · Cited by 57
Gender Differences in High School Students' Dieting Behavior and Their Correlates
McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2002) · International Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.3149/jmh.0102.195 · Cited by 54
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Related Substances
Yesalis, C. E., & Bahrke, M. S. (2002) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/00149619-200208000-00009 · Cited by 46
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G. & Aiken, L. S. (2004). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Goldberg L. & Elliot D. L. (2000). Prevention of anabolic steroid use. In C. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sports and exercise (pp. 117-131). Chicago: Human Kinetics.
- Haselhuhn, G., Thompson, J. K., Roehrig, M., Shroff, H., van den Berg, P., Keery, H., etal (May, 2001) Development of the media influence scale for adolescent boys (MISAB). Paper presented at the Academy of Eating Disorders Conference, Vancouver, Canada.
- McCabe M. P., 2001, Adolescence, 36, 225
- O'Dea J. A., 1999, Adolescence, 34, 671
- 10.1037//0022-3514.54.2.296 · DOI · Paper page
- Yesalis, C. E., Bahrke, M. S., Kopstein, A. & Barsukiewicz, C. K. (2000). Incidence of anabolic steroid use: A discussion of methodological issues. In C. E. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sports and exercise (pp. 73-114). Chicago: Human Kinetics.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sagoe, D., Molde, H., Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., & Pallesen, S. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009 · Cited by 699
Tylka, T. L. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.008 · Cited by 411
Schaefer, L. M., Harriger, J. A., Heinberg, L. J., Soderberg, T., & Thompson, J. K. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22590 · Cited by 384
Self-citationBody image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: assessment, prevention, and treatment
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4715 · Cited by 327
The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives.
Thompson, J. K., & Cafri, G. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11581-000 · Cited by 322
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cafri, G., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 283-291
- ISSN
- 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4424
- OpenAlex
- W1964935543
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Keywords
- muscularity, muscle dysmorphia, adolescent boys, anabolic steroids, prohormone, ephedrine, substance use, body dissatisfaction, body mass index, sports participation, media influence, negative affect, biopsychosocial risk factors, clinical outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Diet, Doping in Sports, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Sports, Body Mass Index, Substance-Related Disorders, Muscle Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
